Industrial Revolution
What were the main features of the Industrial Revolution?
The shift from agrarian economies to industrialised ones, characterised by the growth of factories, increased mechanisation, and mass production.
Why were convicts sent to Australia?
Convicts were sent to Australia as part of Britain's penal system to alleviate overcrowding in British prisons and to use convict labor to establish a colony.
Who were the Allies and Central Powers?
The Allies were primarily France, Britain, Russia, and later the United States, while the Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
Who were the Allies and Axis Powers?
The Allies included Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China, while the Axis Powers consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan.
What is the Triangular Slave Trade?
The Triangular Slave Trade refers to the transatlantic trade system where European goods were traded for African slaves, who were then transported to the Americas, where they were sold, and raw materials like sugar, cotton, and tobacco were sent back to Europe.
Why did the Industrial Revolution occur?
It was driven by advances in technology, such as the steam engine, and changes in agriculture, as well as the availability of capital and labor, and the rise of new economic systems like capitalism.
Why did free settlers migrate to Australia?
Free settlers migrated to Australia for economic opportunities, including land grants, and to escape overcrowded conditions or poor living standards in Britain
What were some roles of Australian women in WWI?
Australian women took on roles as nurses, munitions workers, and volunteers for various welfare organisations, supporting the war effort at home and overseas.
What were some roles of Australian women in WWII?
Australian women worked in factories, took on jobs previously reserved for men, served in auxiliary military services like the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS), and volunteered in various wartime efforts.
What is the definition of Slavery?
Refers to where individuals are treated as property and can be bought, sold, or inherited, with no personal freedom or legal rights.
How did the Industrial Revolution impact urbanisation?
The Industrial Revolution led to rapid urbanisation as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of factory jobs, causing cities to grow dramatically and leading to crowded, poor living conditions.
What were conditions for convicts in Australia?
Convicts faced harsh conditions, including hard labor, poor living conditions, punishment for disobedience, and limited freedoms, though some eventually earned their freedom through good behaviour.
What motivated Australians to enlist in WWI?
Many Australians were motivated by patriotism, a sense of duty to the British Empire, the desire for adventure, and peer pressure or societal expectations.
What motivated Australians to enlist in WWII?
Many Australians enlisted out of a sense of duty to defend their country, loyalty to Britain, fear of Japanese expansion in the Pacific, and a desire to contribute to the war effort.
What is the Middle Passage?
The Middle Passage was the brutal voyage across the Atlantic Ocean that carried enslaved Africans to the Americas, where they endured inhumane conditions in cramped and filthy ships.
What were key inventions during the Industrial Revolution?
Key inventions included the steam engine, spinning jenny, power loom, and the cotton gin, which revolutionized manufacturing and transportation.
How did convicts contribute to the economy?
Convict labor helped establish infrastructure, such as roads and buildings, and contributed to the development of industries like agriculture, but it also created a dependency on forced labor.
What was life like in the trenches during WWI?
Life in the trenches was grim, marked by mud, disease, rats, and constant threat of enemy attack. Soldiers faced poor sanitation, boredom, and the trauma of warfare.
What challenges did POWs face in WWII?
POWs faced extreme physical abuse, inadequate food and medical care, forced labor, poor living conditions, and psychological trauma.
What is Exploitation?
Exploitation refers to the unfair treatment of people, especially workers or groups, for personal or financial gain, often involving the extraction of labor without adequate compensation or regard for well-being.
What social changes resulted from the Industrial Revolution?
It led to the rise of the middle class, a shift in family structures with more women and children working in factories, the development of labor unions, and the growth of new social and economic inequalities.
Who were Emancipists?
Emancipists were former convicts who had served their sentence and were granted freedom in Australia, often taking up land or becoming small-scale farmers or traders.
How did WWI impact daily life on the Australian homefront?
The war led to food shortages, changes in women’s roles as more became nurses and volunteers and the emotional toll of losing soldiers, as well as efforts to support the war through fundraising and volunteer work.
How did WWII affect Australian society on the homefront?
WWII led to greater industrialisation, women's increased participation in the workforce, rationing, changes in social roles, and increased awareness of global conflict, along with the fear of Japanese invasion.
What is servitude?
Servitude refers to a condition in which people are bound to serve others, typically under conditions of forced labor, often without rights or freedom. It may include indentured servitude or other forms of involuntary service.