People
The ruler of France from 1799-1815 who conquered most of Europe
Napoleon
The palace constructed by Louis XIV near Paris, which became the most renown palace in the West
Palace of Versailles
Pride and devotion to one's cultural group, with the goal of having the state (government) correspond to that group
Nationalism
When Third Estate representatives swore to write a Constitution limiting Louis' power after being locked out of the Estates-General
Tennis Court Oath
Merchants, Intellectuals & Writers, and Peasants were all part of this estate in the Old Regime system
3rd
Name of the French Revolutionary document that ordered the arrest of all avowed enemies and suspected enemies of the Revolution, specifically aimed at unsubmissive former nobles, émigrés, officials removed or suspended from office, officers suspected of treason, and hoarders of goods.
Law of Suspects
Challenged the authority and practices of the Catholic Church and launched the Reformation in 1517
Martin Luther
Location of Napoleon's final battle
Waterloo
Political and economic system in Europe from 9th to 15th centuries, where lords maintained estates (vassals) through granting land on which serfs would live and work in return for the lord's protection
Feudalism
In the early 1600s, this individual was put on trial by the Catholic Church for heresy, due to his outspoken support for the heliocentric theory
Galileo
The number of theses statements placed on the church door in Wittenburg by Martin Luther, reflecting his challenges to church doctrine and practice
95
foundational document of the French Revolution that proclaimed liberty, equality, and the rights of individuals
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
Wife of King Louis XVI
Marie Antoinette
Places where philosophers would gather to discuss and debate ideas during the Enlightenment
Salons/Coffee Houses
Holding or spreading beliefs that contradict official Church doctrine
Heresy
Seen as the birthdate of the new France, this event was sparked by protesting crowds responding to Louis XVI's hired troop presence, and the firing of Jacques Necker
Storming of the Bastille
The amount of people formally executed at the guillotine during the Reign of Terror
15000+
formal document issued by a monarch or government that granted a company or group the exclusive right to trade, colonize, or operate in a specific region or industry
charter
Theistic scientist who defined the laws of motion, developed calculus, and made numerous important discoveries in various scientific fields
Isaac Newton
Originally made for church instruction, hundreds of these would develop during the Scientific Revolution
universities
The idea that the king is given the right to rule from God
Divine Right of Kings
The name for the era which emphasized philosophical reason and individualism rather than just following traditional authority blindly
Enlightenment
The year in which the French Revolution began
1789
A system of government in which kings/queens had total and complete control over the subjects of their country
Absolutism
Mastermind of the Reign of Terror, and influential member of the Committee of Public Safety, who's execution saw the end of the Reign of Terror
Maximilien Robespierre
Nickname for the method of execution used during the Reign of Terror, due to its excessive use
National Razor
The idea that God created the world, then let it go to function on its own
Deism
The assassination of this individual inspired the Committee of Public Safety to begin targeting "enemies of the revolution"
Jean Paul Marat
The amount of cups of coffee per day that Voltaire is said to have consumed
30
Economic system that promotes a "laissez-faire" government in which private ownership is available to all economic contributors, and people pursuing their own interests (apart from government direction) increases prosperity and fulfillment of needs for all
Capitalism
The man credited with developing the official framework of the scientific method
Sir Francis Bacon
Famous French cathedral where the Cult of Reason converted symbols during its temporary reign, and Napoleon crowned himself emperor
Notre Dame
Term for the military strategy employed by Napoleon that focused heavy and accurate artillery use on key points of enemy lines before dividing and conquering
Grand Battery
Andreas Vesalius, William Harvey, Robert Boyle, Nicolas Copernicus, Robert Hooke, William Gilbert, and many others were famous individuals who made discoveries during this time period
Scientific Revolution
Percentage of the land owned by the church before the French Revolution
20%
Philosopher who defined an economic system in which the government should remain hands-off, except only taxing to support military, justice, and public works
Adam Smith
Philosopher known for his idea on separation of powers within government
Montesquieu
Name for the region of France that saw the Catholic and Royal Army attempt to rise up against the Legislative Assembly, launching a Civil War within France in 1793
Vendee
The idea that government and people have a relationship in which government is expected to protect the rights of the people, while the people follow the laws of government
Social Contract
Name for the event in which French government officials stormed into Robespierre's home, arrested him and his conspirators, and executed them the next day for their violence and fear used on the French people, officially ending the Reign of Terror
Thermidorian Reaction
The year the Congress of Vienna met
1815
a government spending more money than it takes in from tax revenues
deficit spending
Writer of the pamphlet "What is the Third Estate", who argued that the Third Estate is the true nation of France for doing all the work that makes France function
Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès
The location of the treaty signed at the end of the Thirty Years War, which brought "state sovereignty" in which rulers could now choose their country's religions apart from the church
Westphalia
The official term for "Sudden overthrow of a government", such as what Napoleon did in 1799
coup de etat
Catholic Church council that confirmed several key beliefs of Catholicism, but also worked to clean up the issues and address social changes in the wake of the Reformation
Council of Trent
The number of people who lived and worked at Versailles
10,000
Within government, a complex system with a chain of command and multiple levels
bureaucracy
Prussian chancellor whose political influence led to numerous wars with other nearby territories, ultimatley leading to the unification of Germany in 1871
Otto Von Bismarck
The university that Isaac Newton attended and worked at when making several of his most prominent discoveries
Cambridge University
Martin Luther's idea that people should read and interpret the Bible themselves rather than blindly trusting church leaders
sola scriptura
In 1788-89, when peasants fearing nobles hoarding bread or desiring to crush them, formed militias and attacked many noble manor homes, forcing numerous nobles to flee the country (emigres)
The Great Fear
In Jacques Necker's 1781 financial report to the king, he claimed the French treasury had a surplus of 10 million livre, when it fact it was in debt how much?
46 million livre
Economic system in which governments, led by kings and queens, believe in accumulating (gaining) wealth through a positive trade balance, and leaders manage their economies closely to achieve this
Mercantilism