ESM
What are the four steps of emergency scene management?
1. Scene Survey 2. Primary Assessment 3. Secondary Assessment 4. Ongoing casualty care
How do we manage first aid on a choking adult (patient cannot cough forcefully, speak, or breathe)?
5 back blows followed by 5 abdominal thrusts until object is removed or patient goes unconscious
Name 3 signs/symptoms of shock.
1. Shortness of breath 2. Cool, clammy, pale skin 3. Fast heart rate 4. Anxiety 5. Nausea 6. Confusion 7. Unconsciousness 8. Low blood pressure
When does hypothermia occur? *Think of change in body temperature*
When the body core temperature decreases by two or more degrees below normal (37 C)
What is the most common brain injury?
Concussion
What does the acronym AVPU stand for and why do we use it?
Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive. This is used to measure patient’s level of consciousness.
What is the most common cause of an obstructed airway?
Tongue
What is the difference between an abrasion and an avulsion for an open wound?
An abrasion is the scraping of the skin where an avulsion is a loose flap of skin
What are the signs and symptoms of moderate hypothermia?
Shivering is violent or stopped, bluish skin, patient is clumsy and irrational, slow and weak pulse/breathing
List 4 signs/symptoms of a brain injury.
Deep cuts to the head, unequal pupils, fluid flowing from nose and ears, seizures, deterioration of vital signs, personality changes, etc.
How do we assess patient’s circulation in the primary assessment?
1. Check patient’s pulse 2. Evaluate the rate, rhythm and strength 3. Observe skin
Name three ways to clear an airway being blocked by fluids.
1. Recovery position 2. Finger sweeps 3. Suctioning
What are the three objectives for management of severe bleeding?
1. To control bleeding 2. Prevent further injury 3. Reduce risk of infection
What is the difference between heat exhaustion and heat stroke (condition of skin)?
For heat exhaustion, skin is moist and cold where for heat stroke the skin is hot, flushed and dry or wet.
When would we use a Tubular Sling?
Injuries to the shoulder or collarbone
How often should a patient’s vital signs be checked (stable vs. unstable)?
Stable: every 15 minutes Unstable: Every 5 minutes
How do you measure an NPA?
From the tip of the nostril to the casualty’s earlobe
What type of dressing should be used for burn wounds and why?
Non-adherent dressings since they are better for delicate skin, while allowing for continued inspection of the injury
Why do we not apply cold water to help manage a jellyfish sting?
Cold water helps the stingers to continue releasing any venom
What does the acronym RICE stand for?
Rest, Immobilize, Cold, Elevation
List the vital signs assessed in the secondary assessment.
LOC, respiratory status, pulse, skin condition/temperature, pupil response, blood pressure
List the steps for administering oxygen.
1. Identify need for supplementary oxygen 2. Select appropriate mask 3. Explain to patient what we are doing and ask if they have had oxygen before (history of COPD?) 4. Turn on cylinder and connect tube to regulator 5. Set desired flow rate 6. Apply mask appropriately and record amount, rate, and time
The acronym SHARP in used for signs of infection. What does each letter stand for?
Swelling, Heat, Ache, Red, Pus
What is the 1-10-1 principle?
1 minute to control breathing, 10 minutes of meaningful movement and 1 hour until unconsciousness
Name 3 reasons why we would stop putting a patient in a neutral alignment.
Crepitus, pain, and resistance