Phonetics & Phonology- Confucius
Coughs, laughter and breath that carry meaning in a conversation.
What are vocal effects?
Prefix, suffix and Infix
What are the 3 types of affixation?
Parallelism, antithesis, listing.
What are three forms of syntactic patterning?
Actively listening to someone who's speaking - usually short and encouraging
What is back-channelling/minimal responses?
A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.
What is euphemism?
Alliteration, Assonance, Consonance, Onomatopoeia, Rhythm, Rhyme
What are all the types of phonological patterning?
One is composed of elements of other words, whereas one is a combination of two words
What is the difference between a blend and compound?
A sentence that requests or commands. Most often starts with the verb and omits the subject.
What is an imperative?
When interlocutors take, hold and pass the floor to one another, the are...
What is turn-taking?
A derogatory or unpleasant term used instead of a pleasant or neutral one.
What is dysphemism?
The formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named
What is onomatopoeia?
Describe qualities and additional info about nouns and other adjectives
What are adjectives?
The order of words and how they create meaning
What is syntax?
Cohesion, inference, logical ordering, formatting, consistency and conventions
What is coherence?
When the intended meaning of a word or phrase can not be identified
What is lexical ambiguity?
The rise and fall of the voice in speaking
What is pitch?
‘Few’, ‘some’, ‘couple’
What are Quantifiers?
It must have 3 clauses with two main and at least one subordinating clause, eg. i bought potato cakes and theo bought burgers because we were both hungry
What is a compound-complex sentence?
How a speaker opens, changes and closes topics within their speech. A range of strategies can be used to achieve this.
What is topic management?
Meaning patterns - simile, metaphor, personification, irony, pun, oxymoron, (hyperbole)
What is semantic patterning?
A system where each symbol is associated with a particular English sound, assisting with pronunciation.
What is IPA?
Process of combining two free morphemes together, but do not necessarily have to be written as ONE word. New lexeme’s meaning is unrelated to the sum of its parts.
What is compounding?
Potato cakes, two for one etc.
What is an example of a sentence fragment?
The practice of alternating between two or more languages or dialects in conversation
What is code-switching?
When words can be interpreted in multiple ways due to homonymy or polysemy e.g. bank - of a river or a financial institution
What is lexical ambiguity?
A phonological term referring to the additional sounds in speech which ease articulation
What is insertion?
Old language, not often used except in highly formal texts
What is Archaism?
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
What are the coordinating conjunctions?
Placing important information at the beginning of the sentence to ensure it is absorbed by the listener/reader
What is front focus?
Giving something movement e.g. The books flew off the tables
What is animation?
Smooth transition between two different vowel sounds within the same syllable often creating a gliding or sliding sound, as the speaker moves from one vowel sound to another.
What is a dipthong?
‘Watch your weight’
What is an example of Collocation?
Consists of, at minimum, a subject and a verb, that is a noun phrase and a verb phrase.
What is a sentence?
Leaving out words or phrases that can be reconstructed from context - what is the time?(The time is) 2 (in the morning)
What is ellipses?
Something defined by its use rather than its literal meaning.
What is an idiom?
Unstressed central vowel, represented by the symbol /ə/ in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
What is a schwa?
A nickname used to show affection for a person (like a pet name). It can be a diminutive form of a person's name, or it can be unrelated (sweetheart, darling)
What is a hypocorism?
It removes responsibility by omitting the agent, instead emphasising the action/verb
What is effect of an agentless passive sentence?
Pronouns referencing nouns, e.g. "Amy went to school. She sat with Sara"
What is anaphoric referencing?
Related to broadening, when a word's original meaning has been reduced, weakened. Example 'awful', 'literally'
What is semantic bleaching?
The elision of the /j/ from certain syllable-initial clusters
What is a yod dropping?
Provide additional grammatical information such as plurality, possession or tense.
What are inflectional morphemes?
Means by which we combine clauses into sentences.
What is coordination and subordination?
Pronouns referring to nouns, "Although I phone her every week, my mother still complains that I don't keep in touch often enough."
What is cataphoric referencing?
A contrast between what is being said and what is actually happening e.g. Someone who is complaining about the poor standard of English making errors themself
What is irony?
The softening of /t/ in the middle of words or at the end of words between vowels
What is flapping?
Used when the subject (actor) is the same person receiving the object (action).
What are reflexive pronouns?
a phrase or clause that provides extra information about an element such as a subject or object, which has already been mentioned within a sentence or a clause. eg. the water is quite warm
What is a complement?
A word or phrase that points to the time, place, or situation in which a speaker is speaking. Deixis is expressed in English by way of personal pronouns, demonstratives, and tense.
What is deictic reference?
That the hearer correctly decodes the speaker's words into their associated ideas.
What does it mean to communicate successfully?