Approaches
This famous behaviourist believed all behaviour is learned through the environment and demonstrated classical conditioning with a dog.
Who is Pavlov?
This type of variable is manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on another variable.
What is the independent variable (IV)?
This type of conformity occurs when someone changes their public behaviour but privately disagrees with the group.
What is compliance?
According to the Multi-Store Model, this type of memory has a very limited duration of around 18–30 seconds unless rehearsed.
What is short-term memory (STM)?
This term describes the belief in psychology that human behaviour can be explained by biological processes such as genes, neurotransmitters, and brain structure.
What is the biological approach?
This approach emphasises free will, self-actualisation, and viewing individuals as unique and inherently good.
What is the humanistic approach?
This type of sampling involves selecting participants purely by chance, giving everyone in the population an equal chance of being chosen.
What is random sampling?
This type of conformity happens when a person genuinely accepts the group’s norms, changing both public behaviour and private beliefs.
What is internalisation?
This component of the MSM has an unlimited capacity and stores information relatively permanently.
What is long-term memory (LTM)?
This type of variable is measured by the researcher to see if it changes as a result of manipulating the independent variable.
What is the dependent variable (DV)?
This cognitive concept refers to the mental frameworks that help us organise and interpret information.
What are schemas?
This experimental design type involves different participants being used in each condition of the experiment.
What is an independent groups design?
According to Asch, this factor, involving the number of people in a group, affects the level of conformity, with a sharp increase until about three confederates.
What is group size?
This component of the Working Memory Model temporarily stores and manipulates visual and spatial information.
What is the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
This type of rehearsal involves linking new information to existing knowledge, which helps transfer it into long-term memory.
What is elaborative rehearsal?
This learning theory states that people learn behaviours by observing others and the consequences they face, as shown in Bandura’s Bobo doll studies.
What is social learning theory?
This type of validity assesses whether a study’s findings can be generalised to other settings, people, or times.
What is external validity?
This explanation of conformity suggests people conform due to the desire to be liked and accepted by the group.
What is normative social influence (NSI)?
According to the WMM, this part acts as a “sub-system” for auditory information and is subdivided into the phonological store and the articulatory process.
What is the phonological loop?
This component of the WMM directs attention, allocates resources to sub-systems, and is thought to have very limited capacity and no storage of its own.
What is the central executive?
According to the biological approach, this term refers to the influence of inherited genetic factors on behaviour, often studied using twin research.
What is heritability?
This measure of reliability involves comparing the results of a test with itself on two different occasions to see if consistent results are obtained.
What is test-retest reliability?
In Asch’s 1951 study, this percentage of participants conformed to the incorrect majority at least once across the trials, demonstrating the influence of group pressure.
What is 74%?
This type of experimental evidence, such as Baddeley’s word-list studies, supports the WMM over the MSM by showing that STM has separate stores for verbal and visual information.
What are dual-task studies?
This type of sampling involves selecting participants based on who is easiest to access, but it can introduce bias.
What is opportunity sampling?