Cell Biology & Organisation
What structure surrounds and protects the cell?
Cell membrane
What direction do particles move in diffusion?
From high to low concentration
What do we call microorganisms that cause disease?
Pathogens
What is a consumer in a food chain?
Organism that eats others
Where does digestion start?
Mouth
Which part of a plant cell is responsible for photosynthesis?
Chloroplast
What type of membrane is involved in osmosis?
Partially permeable membrane
Name one way diseases can spread.
Air / Water / Direct Contact
What do decomposers do?
Break down dead organisms
Which organ produces bile?
Liver
What type of cell has no nucleus?
Prokaryotic cell (bacteria)
What happens to a plant cell in a very dilute solution?
It becomes turgid
What is a vaccine?
A weakened/dead pathogen that stimulates immunity
What gas do plants remove from the atmosphere?
Carbon dioxide
What type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
Artery
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
What happens during active transport?
Substances move against the concentration gradient using energy
How do white blood cells defend the body?
Engulf pathogens / produce antibodies / antitoxins
What is global warming?
Increase in Earth’s average temperature
What is the role of enzymes in digestion?
Break large molecules into small, absorbable ones
Give one example of a specialised cell and its adaptation.
Sperm cell → tail for movement
Why do root hair cells have a large surface area?
To absorb more water and minerals efficiently
Why is antibiotic resistance a problem?
Bacteria evolve so drugs become less effective
How can humans reduce environmental impact?
Recycling / conservation / renewable energy
How does CHD reduce oxygen supply to the heart?
Blocked coronary arteries reduce blood flow