Cell Division A
During ____________, the “first phase,” the nuclear envelope starts to dissociate into small vesicles, and the membranous organelles (such as the Golgi complex [Golgi apparatus] and the endoplasmic reticulum), fragment and disperse toward the periphery of the cell.
prophase
During __________, many processes that began in prophase continue to advance.
prometaphase
During metaphase, all the chromosomes are aligned in a plane called the___________.
metaphase plate,
During ________, the sister chromatids separate at the centromere. Each chromatid, now called a chromosome, is pulled rapidly toward the centrosome to which its microtubule is attached.
anaphase
During _________, the chromosomes reach the opposite poles and begin to decondense (unravel), relaxing into a chromatin configuration.
telophase
_________ is the second main stage of the mitotic phase during which cell division is completed via the physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
The actin filaments pull the equator of the cell inward, forming a fissure. This fissure, or “crack,” is called the__________.
cleavage furrow
the vesicles fuse and coalesce from the center toward the cell walls; this structure is called a_________.
cell plate
Which of the following statements is FALSE in regards to cytokinesis?
Responses
Cytokinesis follows the same process in every eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell.
________ is the first stage of mitosis.
Prophase
During the ________ phase, the cell accumulates building blocks and energy resources to copy its genome.
G1
The structure that gives rise to the cell plate in plant cells is called a ________.
phragmoplast
When fast-dividing mammalian cells are grown in culture (outside the body under optimal growing conditions), the length of the cycle is about _______.
24 hours
are segments of DNA that code for negative regulator proteins, the type of regulators that, when activated, can prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division.
Tumor suppressor genes
___________ is the result of unchecked cell division caused by a breakdown of the mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle.
Cancer
Cancer cells which can begin to replicate uncontrollably are caused by __________ that are missed by our cells built in checkpoints.
Mutations
A change in composition of which of these molecules causes a cell to become cancerous?
DNA
Crowding of cells may ________.
inhibit a cell from beginning division
___________, the joining of two haploid gametes, restores the diploid condition.
Fertilization
There are three main categories of life cycles in multicellular organisms
diploid-dominant, haploid-dominant, and alternation of generations.
Early in the development of the embryo, specialized diploid cells, called_______, are produced within the gonads, such as the testes and ovaries.
germ cells
Germ cells are capable of mitosis to perpetuate the cell line and________ to produce gametes.
meiosis
_________ occurs with the fusion of two gametes, usually from different individuals, restoring the diploid state.
Fertilization
During sexual reproduction, specialized haploid cells from two individuals, designated the _____ and ______ mating types, join to form a diploid zygote.
positive, negative
Jade is looking under the microscope at onion cells during her mitosis lab at school. She sees a cell which has tiny thread-like strings that are all connected from the sides of the cell to small V shaped structures that are being pulled apart from one another near the center of the cell. What phase of mitosis is Jade observing and what are those V shaped structures?
Jade is observing anaphase and those V shaped structures are chromosomes.