A
This is how a cell controls which genes are “turned on” (expressed).
Gene regulation
a series of chemical events in the cell that activate proteins called_____________.
transcription factors
Growth factor signaling is complex and involves the activation of a variety of targets, including both__________
transcription factors and non-transcription factor proteins.
These single-celled organisms lack a cell nucleus, and their DNA, therefore floats freely in the cell cytoplasm.
Prokaryotic organisms
the primary method to control what type of protein and how much of each protein is expressed in a prokaryotic cell is_______________.
regulation of DNA transcription
All of the following organisms are capable of gene regulation at the transcriptional and translational level EXCEPT which one?
Responses
A bacteria cell
In ________, transcription and translation occur simultaneously.
Responses
prokaryotes
Gene expression is ________.
Responses
both transcription and translation
________ is required to give cells unique specializations.
Responses
Gene expression
in a single biochemical pathway—are usually encoded together within the genome in a block called an ____________
operon
The ________ then has simultaneous control over the regulation of the transcription of these structural genes
promoter
French scientists François Jacob (1920–2013) and Jacques Monod at the Pasteur Institute were the first to show the organization of bacterial genes into ______.
operons
They found that in E. coli, all of the structural genes that encode enzymes needed to use _______ as an energy source
lactose
proteins encoded by regulatory genes.
transcription factors
Transcription factors influence the binding of____________ to the promoter and allow its progression to transcribe structural genes.
RNA polymerase
____________ is a transcription factor that suppresses transcription of a gene in response to an external stimulus by binding to a DNA sequence.
A repressor
an ________ is a transcription factor that increases the transcription of a gene in response to an external stimulus by facilitating RNA polymerase binding to the promoter.
activator
what molecule is required first before the cell can either begin or prevent transcription from happening?
Responses
An inducer
In prokaryotes, structural proteins in a single biochemical pathway are usually found as a(n) ________ within the genome.
operon
During epigenetic regulation, histones are modified in order to aid in what process?
The opening and closing of certain chromosomal segments
This is immediately upstream of the coding sequence.
The promoter region
These regions are not necessarily close to the genes that they enhance.
enhancers
This shape change allows for the interaction of the ______ bound to the enhancers
activators
Question
Cells found in your brain have a different function than cells found in your pancreas or your kidneys yet they all have essentially the same DNA. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding gene regulation?
Responses
Gene regulation occurs only during transcription.
can bind to promoter or enhancer regions and block transcription.
Transcriptional repressors