Developmental Psychology
The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Fetus
A generalized belief about a group of people
A stereotype
A disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished inappropriate emotional expression
Schizophrenia
Excessive self-love and self-absorption
Narcissism
Who was the founder of psychoanalysis and introduced influential theories on the conscious and unconscious, and the id, ego, and superego
Sigmund Freud
An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
The critical period
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
The foot-in-the-door phenomenon
A caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
Unconditional positive regard
The deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
Ostracism
Who is associated with operant conditioning, and created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior (Skinner box)
This developmental psychologist spent his life searching for the answer to how our mind grows
Jean Piaget
The principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression
The frustration-aggression principle
Compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes
Rumination
A form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hungry
Glucose
Who conducted dream studies and interpretation to contribute to the conversation of analytic psychology (people had conscious and unconscious awareness)
Carl Jung
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
A schema
The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
The mere exposure effect
What is somatic symptom disorder?
When a person has a significant focus on physical symptoms, to a level that results in major distress and/or problems functioning
Our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
Adaptation-level phenomenon
Who created an 8-stage theory to show how people evolve through the life span? Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "who am I"?
Erik Erikson
Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Teratogens
Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
Superordinate goals
The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
Epigenetics
Behavioral - how we learn observable responses
Evolutionary - how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
Who compared the effects of maternal separation and devised patterns of attachment? (The strange situation-observation of parent/child attachment)
Mary Ainsworth