Column 1
True or False: Eukaryotic cells range from 10 to 100 micrometers in diameter
True
How does a Prokaryote reproduce?
Asexual reproduction
DOUBLE POINTS IF BINARY FISSION IS MENTIONED
What does the word "organelle" mean?
Little organ
Bacteria and archaea are example organisms of what kind of cell?
Prokaryote
What is Mrs Jolliffe referring to when she says "free range chickens"?
The content inside of a prokaryote cell, OR the DNA in a Prokaryote cell
Explain why the mitochondria and other organelles have a double cell membrane.
The organelles were originally prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by another prokaryotic cells.
DOUBLE POINTS FOR MENTIONING "ENDOSYMBIOSIS"
How does a eukaryotic cell reproduce?
Mitosis or Meiosis (need both answers for full marks)
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
Contrast the terms "hydrophobic" and "hydraphilic"
Hydrophobic repels water, hydrophilic bonds with water.
Which organelle can be considered as the Auspost of the cell, and why?
Golgi apparatus, because it packages proteins and lipids and prepares them for dispatch.
Mitochondria are part of which type of cellular respiration to produce ATP, and which muscle cell types would you find more mitochondria in?
Aerobic respiration, and mitochondria would be most prevalent in Type 1 and Type 2a.
What is something that the DNA in prokaryotes can do easily, but Eukaryotes struggle with? Explain your answer.
Prokaryotes can easily change their DNA due to:
a) being able to reproduce faster, b) having a more simple structure
any other valid answers will be accepted.
What are the three different types of plasms?
Cytoplasm, protoplasm, and cytosol
What is a centriole, what is it's function, and what is the plant equivalent of a centriole?
They are small protein tubes of microtubules, In plants they are referred to as phragmoplasts, and they form fibres in cell division known as spindles which separate chromosomes
What is a Plasmid, what type of cell can you find them in, and what is the plasmid's function?
Plasmids are short pieces of circular DNA that replicate independently of the cell genome, and they are only found in prokaryotic cells
a) What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum? b) Why is it referred to as "rough"? c) what is the function of the "roughness"? and d) how does this help the Rough ER function?
a) The Rough ER involved with the synthesis and processing of proteins. b) it is called rough because the surface of the organelle is studded with ribosomes. c) the ribosomes translate the mRNA into proteins, and the rough ER ensures that the proteins are folded and functional before being transported.
Name the 4 key functions of lysosomes.
1. break down protein, lipids, and carbs. 2. degrade cellular waste, damaged organelles, and foreign substances. 3. recycles essential components. 4. assists in dismantling the cell when cell is no longer needed (cell death).
Name 4 differences between a cell membrane and a cell wall
Cell walls only sit on the outermost layer of the cell. Cell walls are not as flexible as a membrane. Cell membranes are selectively permeable whilst cell walls are fully permeable. Cell membranes are only made from phosphates and lipids, cell walls can be made from other materials.
Accept the inverse of these responses.
Name the elements found in the head of the bilayer molecule
Carbon, Oxygen, Phosphate, Hydrogen
Chloroplasts: a) why are they green? b) make 2 key contrasts between how a chloroplast creates energy vs how a Mitochondrion makes energy.
a) presence of chlorophyll. b) Chloroplasts use sunlight light to create energy and has the byproduct of oxygen, the Mitochondrion uses cellular respiration and has carbon dioxide as the byproduct.
The smooth ER is involved in what type of functions, and where would you find cells that are smooth ER rich within the human body?
1. Steroid and lipid hormone synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and drug detoxification.
2. adrenal glands and liver
Name 5 components that form the Fluid Mosaic Model
Pores, Protiens, glycolipids, glycoproteins, cholesterol, bilayer.
Accept other valid answers
What is cholesterol, what is it's function in the cell membrane, and how does it behave in high and low temperatures?
Cholesterol is a type of lipid (molecular formula C27H46O). It’s very important in controlling membrane fluidity as it binds to the fatty acid tails. The more cholesterol, the less fluid and permeable the membrane. At High Temperatures: Cholesterol limits the movement of phospholipid fatty acid chains, increasing the membrane's rigidity and making it less fluid. At Low Temperatures: By interfering with interactions between fatty acid chains, cholesterol prevents them from becoming rigid, thus maintaining fluidity
What is the function of a cell wall, what 2 organisms commonly have cell walls, and what are they made of (one material for one organism, and a different one for the other)
Provides rigidity, tensile strength, structural support, protection against mechanical stress and infection, it can be found in plants and fungi. in plants it is made of cellulose, and in fungi it is made of chitin.
In phospholipids, what is the name of the hydrophobic section of the structure, what are they formed from, and what kind of bond does it have between it and glycerol?
Fatty acid tails, formed from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and it has a ester bond between the tail and the glycerol.