Are
The arrows in a food chain show...?
Transfer/direction of energy.
Energy is lost in a food chain. Some is lost as heat energy during processes such as _________________.
Respiration/movement.
Nitrates become nitrogen gas by the process of....?
Ammonium is converted from nitrites to nitrates by the process of...?
Nitrification.
Nitrogen gas becomes nitrogen compounds (ammonium, nitrates) by the process of....?
Nitrogen fixation.
Energy is lost in a food chain. Some energy is lost by decomposers such as....?
Bacteria and fungi.
Plants need nitrate ions for...?
- Producing amino acids/proteins for growth
- Production of chlorophyll.
1. The original source of energy in all food chains/webs?
2. First organism in a food chain/web is known as...?
1. The Sun
2. The Producer
What is meant by the term population?
All of the organisms of one species at the same place at the same time.
Unabsorbed/undigested food energy is lost to the environment in a food chain through the process of __________
Egestion
During cloning, electric shocks cause the egg cell to divide by...?
Mitosis.
In the carbon cycle, which processes release carbon dioxide into the air?
1. Respiration
2. Combustion of fossil fuels.
To prevent contamination from airbone organisms in a fermenter, what is done?
Air is filtered before going into the fermenter.
What is the role of the stirring paddles in the fermenter?
To mix contents and evenly distribute the nutrients, microorganisms, oxygen, and heat.
What is the role of the air inlet in the fermenter?
What is the role of the water jacket in the fermenter?
Release cold water to maintain optimum temperature for enzymes (so enzymes do not denature).
What are the advantages of using biological control over pesticides?
1. Less bioaccumulation/biomagnification.
2. Long-term solution.
3. No pesticide-resistance.
4. Affects target species only - does not affect pollinators (ex. bees).
5. Does not need to be reapplied like pesticides.
6. Does not lead to health problems like pesticides.
What are the disadvantages of biological control?
1. The organism can affect the food chain/food web.
2. The organism could compete with the native species.
3. Will take time before the effect shows (pesticides are quick).
4. The biological control may not eat the pest. May become a pest themselves.
What are some advantages of GM crops?
1. Can create them to be pest-resistant (reducing needs for pesticides)
2. They can be larger and produce more yield.
What are the disadvantages of cloning?
1. Animals often have poorer health/shorter lifespan.
2. Ethical concerns
3. Lack of variation - more likely to wipe all of them out of the environment changes or a disease appears.
4. In the case of cloning pets, it will not have the same personality as the original animal.
5. Expensive
6. Low chances of success.
7. Could harm animals in the process.
Explain the process of adult cell cloning.
1. Remove the nucleus of a body cell.
2. Insert this nucleus into an enucleated egg cell.
3. Give electric shock to stimulate mitosis.
4. Through mitosis, the egg cell will become an embryo.
5. Implant the embryo into the uterus of a surrogate mother.
Why are sexual reproduction methods better than asexual reproduction methods like cloning in certain cases?
Cloning results in genetically identical offspring - reduces variation.
- Sexual reproduction increases variation. That way, if a new disease hits or the environment changes, they have a better chance of surviving and recovering
Explain the process of genetic modification and the name of the type of organism that forms.
- We cut the gene and plasmid using the restriction enzyme.
- Stick the gene and plasmid using DNA ligase.
- Insert back into the bacterium. The organism will now be known as a transgenic organism as it has DNA from two different species.
How can growing seaweed help prevent eutrophication.
Seaweed absorb nitrates to grow/protein synthesis/amino acids so less algal bloom.
- So less bacterial decomposition and more oxygen in the water.
What are the disadvantages of GM crops?
1. Could cross pollinate with other species.
2. Consumers may not buy them - they think its not natural.
3. Unknown possible long-term effects.
4. GM pollen may kill insect pollinators.
5. Could lead to pest-resistance.
6. Farmers may become dependent on companies for their seeds.