Earth & Space
What are the Earths 4 systems?
Biosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Geosphere
What are the 4 bases that make up the structure of DNA? and what are their base pairs?
4 bases:
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
Base Pairs:
Adenine-Thymine
Guanine-Cytosine
What is a chemical reaction? and what is a physical change?
Chemical reaction- The re-arrangement of atoms to form one or more new substances.
Physical change- a change in matter that doesn't affects chemical composition.
What is Newtons first law of motion?
An object will keep moving at the same speed in the same direction unless acted on by a net force.
What are homozygous and heterozygous genotypes?
Homozygous- a genotype in which the two alleles are the same. eg, YY or yy.
Heterozygous- a genotype in which the two alleles are different. eg, Yy.
What are the 6 main processes in the water cycle?
Evaporation, Precipitation, Transpiration, Condensation, Run-off, Infiltration.
What are the 4 phases of mitosis? and what happens in each phase?
1. Prophase- the chromosomes condense and the nucleus starts to break down.
2. Metaphase- the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
3. Anaphase- the chromosomes separate.
4. Telophase- two nuclei form, each with its own set of identical DNA.
What is a cation and an anion?
Cation- an ion with a net positive charge.
Anion- an ion with a net negative charge.
What is Newtons second law of motion?
An objects acceleration is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and inversely proportional to its mass.
What is conduction and convection?
Conduction- the transfer of heat or electricity through direct contact between particles.
Convection- This occurs in liquids and gases when heating particles in these mediums (liquids and gases), they also move further apart. This causes the liquid or gas to become less dense. Cooler, more dense liquid or gas sinks to the bottom, warmer rises. This process is creates convection.
What are the 4 main processes of the carbon cycle?
Photosynthesis, Respiration, Decomposition, Combustion
What are the 4 phases of meiosis? and what happens in each phase?
1. Prophase 1- chromosomes condense.
2. Metaphase 1- chromosomes line up in pairs.
3. Anaphase 1- chromosomes separate.
4. Telophase 1- cell divides into two haploid daughter cells, each with a full set of duplicated chromosomes.
What is an ionic bond and what is a covalent bond?
Ionic bond- an electrostatic attraction between ions with opposite charges.
Covalent bond- an attraction between atoms that share electrons.
What is Newtons third law of motion?
Forces always come in pairs of the same size and type, but acting on different objects in opposite directions.
What are the 5 main processes in the nitrogen cycle?
Nitrogen Fixation, Ammonification, Nitrification, De-Nitrification, Fertilisers.
What is a dominant allele and a recessive allele? and how are they represented?
dominant allele- a version of a gene that is expressed even when only one copy is present. It is expressed by an uppercase letter.
recessive allele- a version of a gene that is only expressed when two copies are present. It is expressed by a lowercase letter
What is the collision theory and what is a successful collision?
Collision theory- the idea that particles must collide in order to react.
Successful collision- a collision that results in a reaction.
What are the 3 types of radiation?
alpha, beta, gamma.
What is the lifecycle of a star?
1. Nebula
2. Small star or Large star
3. Red giant or Red supergiant
4. Planetary nebula or Supernova
5. White dwarf or Black hole or Neutron star
6. Black dwarf
What is a genotype? What is a phenotype?
Genotype- a pair of alleles that influence the appearance of a particular trait.
Phenotype- the collection of traits observable in an organism.
What are the 10 reaction types and their general formulas?
1. Composition- A + B = AB
2. Decomposition- AB = A + B
3. Single replacement- A + BC = AC + B
4. Double replacement- AB + CD = AD + CD
5. Precipitate- Soluble salt 1 + Soluble salt 2 = Precipitate + Soluble salt 3
6. Neutralization- Acid + Base = Salt + Water
7. Acid-metal- Metal + Acid = Salt + Hydrogen
8. Acid-carbonate- Acid + Carbonate = Salt + Water + CO2
9. Complete combustion- Fuel + Oxygen = CO2 + Water + Energy
10. Incomplete combustion- Potential Products- Carbon monoxide, CO2, Carbon, Water.
What is nuclear fusion and nuclear fission?
Nuclear fusion- the joining of small nuclei into a larger one.
Nuclear fission- the splitting of an atom into smaller fragments.