Musculoskeletal
Name one major function of the skeletal system.
skeletal system.Provides support, protection of vital organs, movement, mineral storage, or production of red blood cells.
What is Biomechanics?
Biomechanics is the science of studying living things from a mechanical perspective. It is the observation and analysis of movement.
Name the three energy systems used to resynthesise ATP.
ATP-PC, Anaerobic Glycolysis, and Aerobic systems.
What are the three main elements of sports medicine?
Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of sports injuries.
What is quantitative analysis?
Quantitative analysis describes and analyses movement numerically with data.
Identify the type of joint found at the elbow.
Hinge joint.
What are the 4 branches of Biomechanics
1. Sport technique performance – efficiency of movement eg. swimming stroke
2. Sports engineering – study and analysis of equipment eg. shoes, racquets, bicycles, court surfaces, balls etc.
3. Muscle mechanics – how the muscles and joints work to provide movement eg. gait analysis, injury rehabilitation.
4. Ergonomics – analysis of posture and movement in the workplace – safety eg. desks, steps/stairs, lifting techniques, storage.
Identify the fuel source used predominantly by the ATP-PC system.
Phosphocreatine (PC).
What is prehabilitation and what does it involve?
A Prehabilitation program is to prepare and condition the body for sport training and competition. This involves strengthening, lengthening and stability exercises.
What is performance analysis?
Performance analysis involves both sport science and sport medicine, and looks at what, how and when to analyse performance from a physical, technical, tactical and mental perspective.
Explain the role of tendons in human movement.
Tendons connect muscles to bones, allowing force from muscle contraction to move the skeleton.
What is Newtons First law? Give a sporting example and how newtons first law is acting.
An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion at the same speed and direction, unless acted upon by an external force
E.g Penalty in soccer - the ball wont move till the player kicks it
Explain why the anaerobic glycolysis system contributes more as exercise duration increases beyond 10 seconds.
PC stores deplete quickly, so the body increases the reliance of the anaerobic glycolysis system to produce ATP.
List three rehabilitation recovery methods. For one of your selected methods explain how it works.
Recovery methods: RICER, Stretching, Massage, Ultrasound, Compression boots, Cold therapy, Heat therapy, Dry needling.
What is qualitative analysis? Provide an example.
Qualitative analysis describes and analyses movements non-numerically; example: a description of the quality of the performance.
E.g a description such as "you need to react faster in your transition from offense to defence as you are one of the last players to react"
Describe how an agonist and antagonist work together during a bicep curl.
The biceps (agonist) contracts concentrically to flex the elbow, while the triceps (antagonist) relaxes to allow movement.
Explain the magnus effect.
The Magnus effect occurs when a spinning ball curves away from its expected flight path. The spin causes air to move faster on one side of the ball and slower on the other, creating a pressure difference that pushes the ball toward the low pressure side, making it curve. Air resistance opposes the ball's motion gradually slowing it down. Together these forces explain why a spinning ball rarely travels in a straight line at constant speed.
Compare the rate and yield of ATP production between the aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis systems.
Anaerobic glycolysis has a faster rate but lower yield; aerobic has a slower rate but higher yield of ATP.
Using the screening data, identify one strength and one weakness in the athletes musculoskeletal profile and what the implications are.
Strength: Vertical/broad jump and hip flexion are within normal range, indicating adequate lower body strength and hip mobility for basketball demands.
Weakness: Right side plank (30 sec), right glute bridge (10 reps), left hip reach and tap (62 cm), left lateral hop (18 cm), and agility (12.4 sec) are all below normal range, suggesting a left-right strength and stability imbalance that may increase injury risk.
List the branches of sports science in order.
1. Analysis
2. Measurement
3. Prescription
4. Evaluation
A sprinter pushes off the starting blocks. Explain how the muscular and skeletal systems interact to produce this movement.
Muscles (e.g., quadriceps, gluteals) contract to pull on bones via tendons, producing movement at joints such as the hip and knee.
Define force summation and explain how it is applied during a basketball free throw. How does this affect the outcome on the ball?
Force summation is the sequential activation of muscle groups from largest to smallest, each contributing maximum force in a coordinated chain to produce the greatest possible total force.
In a free throw, the player begins by driving through the legs, then transfers force through the hips and lower back, extending through the arms, and finally flicking the wrist at the point of release.
The result is that the ball leaves the fingertips with maximum velocity and optimal trajectory toward the basket, increasing the chance of the shot going in.
A 400m sprinter experiences fatigue near the end of their race. Discuss energy system interplay and why fatigue occurs.
All three energy systems contribute to energy production over the race. ATP-PC provides energy at the start of the race. Anaerobic glycolysis system is the main contributer after the first 10 seconds; fatigue results from accumulation of hydrogen ions lowering muscle pH and inhibiting enzyme activity.
A recreational runner develops pain on the outside of their knee after increasing their weekly distance too quickly. Identify the likely injury and explain one cause and one biomechanical factor that may have contributed.
Injury - ITB friction syndrome. Caused by the iliotibial band becoming tight and rubbing against the outside of the knee, resulting in inflammation and pain.
Cause - Increasing exercise intensity or duration too quickly means the body is not given adequate time to adapt to the increased load, placing excessive stress on the ITB
Biomechanical factor - Muscle imbalance (gluteus medius and maximus), which have been identified as a common cause of lower limb injuries.
For an athlete of your choice, complete the 4 steps in performance analysis.
AFL example:
1. Physical screening (analysis)
2. In game measurements with a GPS (measurement)
3. Coach expectations of player in game (prescription)
4. Post match review with coach (evaluation)