Diagnoses/ Psychological Disorders
This disorder is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activities.
Depression
Which theory suggests emotions are caused by the interpretation of bodily responses?
the James-Lange theory of emotion
Who developed the first modern intelligence test?
Alfred Binet
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs suggests which type of need must be met first?
physiological needs
In psychology, the mean, median, and mode are all measures of what?
measures of central tendency
The DSM-5 is primarily used for what purpose in psychology?
diagnosing mental disorders
Name the three components of emotion.
physiological, cognitive, and behavioral
What is the difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?
fluid is problem-solving and reasoning in novel situations, crystallized is accumulated knowledge and experience
Define intrinsic motivation.
performing an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for an external reward
If a dataset has extreme outliers, which measure of central tendency is least affected?
the median
What is the difference between an adaptive and maladaptive behavior?
adaptive helps achieve everyday functioning, while maladaptive interferes with functioning and wellbeing
Which part of the brain is most associated with processing fear?
amygdala
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences includes which two types of intelligence that where added after the first 8?
Spiritual and Existential
Why is intrinsic motivation a stronger motivator than extrinsic motivation according to the cognitive evaluation theory.
external rewards can be seen as controlling which ultimately lowers intrinsic motivation
A psychologist wants to see if there is a relationship between stress and hours of sleep. Which statistical measure should they use?
correlation coefficient
Name one key symptom that distinguishes Generalised Anxiety Disorder from a specific phobia.
excessive and uncontrollable worry about multiple aspects of life (rather than one specific object/situation)
According to Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory, what two factors create emotion?
physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal (labeling the arousal)
The Flynn Effect refers to what phenomenon in intelligence research?
the observed rise in average IQ scores over time across generations
According to Self-Determination Theory, what three basic psychological needs foster motivation and wellbeing?
autonomy, competence, and relatedness
Explain the difference between a positive correlation and a negative correlation.
positive means variables increase together, negative means one increases while the other decreases
In the biopsychosocial model of mental illness, give one example for each domain (bio, psycho, social) that could contribute to an anxiety disorder.
(bio) genetic predisposition, (psycho) negative thinking patterns, (social) lack of social support
Explain how the Lazarus cognitive appraisal theory differs from the James-Lange theory in explaining emotion.
Lazarus argues that cognitive appraisal comes before physiological arousal, whereas James-Lange says emotions result from physiological changes
Identify the focus of psychometric testing and identify 1 strength and weakness.
psychometric focuses on cognitive ability and standardised testing
- strength: reliable, valid, doesn't consider cultural bias
- weakness: ignores emotional/social factors, doesn't account for different intelligence
Provide an example of positive psychology interventions and describe how they improve resilience and overall wellbeing in adolescents?
by teaching strategies like gratitude journaling, optimism training, strengths-based exercises, exercising and meditation to build coping resources and life satisfaction
A study reports a correlation of r = 0.80 between self-esteem and life satisfaction. How strong is this correlation, and does it indicate causation?
a strong positive correlation, but it does not indicate causation