Diagnoses/ Psychological Disorders
This disorder is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activities.
Depression
Which theory suggests emotions are caused by the interpretation of bodily responses?
the James-Lange theory of emotion
Who developed the first modern intelligence test?
Alfred Binet
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs suggests which type of need must be met first?
physiological needs
In psychology, the mean, median, and mode are all measures of what?
measure of central tendency
The DSM-5 is primarily used for what purpose in psychology?
diagnosing mental disorders
Name the three components of emotion.
physiological, cognitive, and behavioral
What is the difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?
fluid is problem-solving and reasoning in novel situations, crystallized is accumulated knowledge and experience
Define intrinsic motivation.
performing an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for an external reward
If a dataset has extreme outliers, which measure of central tendency is least affected?
the median
What is the difference between an adaptive and maladaptive behavior?
adaptive helps achieve everyday functioning, while maladaptive interferes with functioning and wellbeing
Which part of the brain is most associated with processing fear?
amygdala
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences includes which two non-traditional intelligences?
musical and bodily-kinesthetic (or any two non-IQ-based intelligences)
What is the difference between hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing?
hedonic focuses on pleasure and happiness, eudaimonic focuses on meaning and self-actualization
A psychologist wants to see if there is a relationship between stress and hours of sleep. Which statistical measure should they use?
correlation coefficient
Name one key symptom that distinguishes Generalized Anxiety Disorder from a simple phobia.
excessive and uncontrollable worry about multiple aspects of life (rather than one specific object/situation)
According to Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory, what two factors create emotion?
physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal (labeling the arousal)
The Flynn Effect refers to what phenomenon in intelligence research?
the observed rise in average IQ scores over time across generations
According to Self-Determination Theory, what three basic psychological needs foster motivation and wellbeing?
autonomy, competence, and relatedness
Explain the difference between a positive correlation and a negative correlation.
positive means variables increase together, negative means one increases while the other decreases
In the biopsychosocial model of mental illness, give one example for each domain (bio, psycho, social) that could contribute to an anxiety disorder.
(bio) genetic predisposition, (psycho) negative thinking patterns, (social) lack of social support
Explain how the Lazarus cognitive appraisal theory differs from the James-Lange theory in explaining emotion.
Lazarus argues that cognitive appraisal comes before physiological arousal, whereas James-Lange says emotions result from physiological changes
Compare the strengths and weaknesses of the psychometric approach and the emotional intelligence approach to measuring intelligence.
psychometric focuses on cognitive ability and standardized testing (strength: reliability, weakness: ignores emotional/social factors), while emotional intelligence includes social/emotional skills (strength: broader understanding, weakness: harder to measure objectively)
How could positive psychology interventions improve resilience and overall wellbeing in adolescents?
by teaching strategies like gratitude journaling, optimism training, and strengths-based exercises to build coping resources and life satisfaction
A study reports a correlation of r = 0.80 between self-esteem and life satisfaction. How strong is this correlation, and does it indicate causation?
a strong positive correlation, but it does not indicate causation