Revision
Cicero was the Aedile of this Province of Rome.
Sicily
First name of Julius Caesar
Gaius
Why was Clodius an important political figure in regards to the First Triumvirate's aims?
His move from a patrician to plebian allowed him to influence change in the Senate as the Tribune of the Plebs.
This would detract power from the optimates (and Cato) and allow the triumvirate to achieve what they wanted.
Name the Author of "The Twelve Caesar's: Life of Julius Caesar"
Suetonius
What was the breaking link between Pompey and Caesar in 54 BCE
The death of his daughter and Pompey's wife, Julia
Differentiate between the two types of Plebians.
A curule Aedile was a person from a Patrician family but a Plebian Aedile was from the Plebian class
Name the Religious position Caesar achieved in 63 BCE
Pontifex Maximus
What was the Bona Dea and why was it important
It was the sacraligious act that the young aristocrat Pulcher undertook to dress as a woman and enter the female cult (the Bona Dea) at Caesar's household.
It was important because it showed the corrupt nature of the law courts
Clodius developed a hatred for Cicero (the prosecutor)
Caesar is argued to have been forced to divorce his wife Pompeia
Cato, Ciciero and Pompey due to them blaming him for the Bona Dea scandal.
Why did Pompey's army not disband even after the Senate decreed it to?
Due to the rise of personal military loyalty over senatorial authority
Why do scholars question Julius Caesar's generosity towards the public, through entertainment of gladiatorial shows and the upkeep of the streets and public buildings?
Likely due to others seeing him as being invloved in a plot to seize power, including his possible role in the Cataline Conspiracy (would support his call for them not to be executed) and another plot in 65 BCE with Crassus, Publius Sulla and Lucius Autronius.
Outline Crassus motives for joining the Triumvirate.
Crassus - Crassus, while wealthy did not have substantial power to do what he wanted, he wanted rebates for the equestrians in regards to tax, wanted to remove corruption from the courts and to prove that he was working for the republic rather than the overthrow of it.
What do modern historians believe in relation to what each member of the Triumvirate brought to it.
Pompey had the veterans
Crassus had the money
Caesar had the idolatry of the people
How did Clodius effectively gain his revenge on his three main political ememies?
Ciciero - He outlaws anyone who had denied a Roman citizen the right of appeal - of which Cicero had done as part of the Cataline Conspiracy.
Cato - Gave him pro-praetorian powers to govern the province of Cyprus, which effectively removed him from influencing decisions in Rome.
Pompey - Clodius used his gangs to attack and humiliate Pompey, which drove P to support Cicero and bring him out of exile.
Outline the events of the Cataline Conspiracy.
In 63 BCE, Lucius Sergius Catilina (Catiline) plotted to overthrow the Roman Republic after failing to become consul.
He planned to assassinate senators, seize power, and cancel debts to gain popular support.
The plot was exposed by consul Cicero, who delivered the Catilinarian Orations accusing Catiline in the Senate.
Catiline fled Rome, raised an army in Etruria, and was later killed in battle in 62 BCE.
Cicero's role made him a hero to some, but his decision to execute conspirators without trial remained controversial.
What area did Caesar want his proconsular command and why?
He wanted Cisalpine Gaul, Vatinius and Transalpine Gaul as it allowed him to have three legions to protect the region and the ability to found colonies.
Furthermore, it allowed him to be close enough to Rome to ensure he was able to check and assess all political aspects of the Senate and the new land and future wars would provide him with the opportunity for glory.
Name the different positions Caesar had during his time before the First Triumvirate.
Priest of Jupiter, Quaestor, Curator, Curule Aedile, Pontifex Maximus, Praetor, Propraetor in Spain, Consul.
Describe the problem Anthony Everitt has on the responsibility for the outbreak of war.
While the traditional view is that the optimates were keen on war, he suggests that they were still not wishing to hand power directly to Pompey (the generals) as they did not trust him enough, and instead wanted an ultimatum set on Caesar.
Outline the 4 main reasons the Triumvirate broke down.
- the link between Pompey and Caesar was broken after the death of Julia
- Pompey refused Caesar's offer to marry his niece Octavia. Instead P married Cornelia, daughter of the optimate Metellus Scipio and widow of Crassus.
- Crassus' death at Carrhae
- Pompey's drift towards the Optimates and away from the Populares
Name the 5 enemies Pompey was sent to defeat and given propraetorian and extraordinary power to achieve these goals. (extra 100 in the right order)
- Lepidus
- Sertorius
- Spartacus
- Mediterranean Pirates
- Midtirades
Explain the importance of Caesar's first act as Consul in 59 BCE. What did this lead to?
It was a land bill, intended to provide land for Pompey's veterans. But it was vetoed by his other consul, Bibulus (with the support and influence from Cato).
This led to a split in the Senate, Cato was arrested and imprisoned, and the Senate was forced to vote the bill in or face exile.
This Bill led to the creation of Lex Campania which provided land to the military and the urban poor, which grew his support amongst the equestrian and plebian classes.
Name my new saying to people I think are below me.
What's up Plebians/Plebs?
How does Lily Ross Taylor describe Cato and Bibulus' actions against Caesar and Pompey.
They used propaganda in the forms of arousing popular disapproval and regular edicts (commands) were issued to manipulate the public's opinion of the triumvirate. They were referred to as tyrants and kings, a direct reference to the formation of Rome and the reason it changed to a republic. Demonstrations further occurred in theatres, and when Caesar arrived there was no usual applause for him.
Explain (what they are and how/ why they are important/what they led to) the factors leading to the Civil war. (as much detail as you can without reading directly off a sheet) (30 seconds to find, 1 minute 30 to synthesise and a minute to explain)
Points to be included:
- Pompey was given Senatus Consultum Ultimum to restore order, but this positioned Caesar in the faith of Pompey and him not to be recalled to face prosecution by the optimates (100)
- The creation of LexPompeia de provincilis (which restricted the ability to hold Consulship until 5 years expired between each holding) leaving Caesar unable to be consul until 48 BCE and men like Cicero to take up office, thus allowing his enemy to control the republic. Furthermore, it made Pompey's position secure but his extremely insecure (200)
- Curio's call for both Pompey and Caesar to give up their commands, and the official acceptance of Pompey into the Optimates removed the ability for a compromise to occur between the two. Furthermore the call for Caesar to be proscribed as a public enemy, by Scipio Metellus, saw the split between parties, and the movement of consuls Antony and Cassius to Caesar's side. (200)