Cardiovascular
List two functions of the Cardiovascular System
Thermoregulation
Protection
Elimination of toxins in the body
List the components of the upper and lower respiratory tract?
Upper: Nasal Cavity, Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Larynx
Lower: Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli and Lungs
Which muscle is under voluntary control?
Skeletal muscles
Flat: Scapulae
Irregular: Vertebrae
Sesamoid: Patella
Short: Carpals
Long: Femur
What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?
Fight or Flight Responses.
Drives the automatic bodily responses during stress
In the thoracic cavity left of the midline
Explain the process of gas exchange
Gas exchange is the exchange between nutrients and wastes of the body.
The oxygen you breathe in diffuses through the alveoli into the capillaries into the blood. The carbon dioxide you breathe out is diffused from the capillaries to the alveoli, up the bronchial tree and out of the mouth.
Name the three muscles in your Quadricep?
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Lateralis
What are the three bone cells
Osteoblasts: Build new bone, repair old bone
Osteocytes: Communication within bone tissue
Osteoclasts: Break down bones to remodel injured bone
Name one response our body goes through during sympathetic and parasympathetic activities.
Sympathetic: Increased HR, Dilation of pupils, Goosebumps
Parasympathetic: Decreased HR, Constriction of pupils
Myocardium: Comprised of cardiac muscles. Contracts and relaxes the muscles
Endocardium: Inner most layer of the heart that lines the chambers of the heart
What is the normal resting heart rate for a person?
12-20 breaths per minute
How is movement created by the muscular system?
Movement is created by the muscular system through the sliding filament mechanism. Inside each muscle fiber, myosin filaments attach to actin filaments and pull them inward using energy from ATP. This causes the muscle fiber to shorten, or contract. When many fibers contract together, the muscle pulls on the tendons, which move the bones at the joints, creating movement.
What are three types of synovial joints? Give an Example of each
Fibrous: Skull
Cartilaginous: Intervertebral disc
Synovial: Hips, Knee, Shoulder
What is the function of the Midbrain
Most superior of the brain stem. Looks after vision and hearing
What are the four components of blood. Use scientific names
Red Blood Cells: Erythrocytes
White Blood Cells: Leukocytes
Platelets: Thrombocytes
Plasma
Describe how the respiratory system maintains homeostasis when oxygen levels in the blood drop during intense exercise.
When we exercise our demand for oxygen levels in the blood increases. Chemoreceptors in the brain and blood vessels detect the decrease. The respiratory system responds by increasing the rate and depth of breathing. This allows more oxygen to enter the lungs and be exchanged in the alveoli, while also helping to remove excess carbon dioxide. This process restores oxygen levels in the blood and returns the body within its normal limits.
What is the difference between strains and sprains?
Sprains: Extension of a ligament in a joint
Strains: When a tendon of the muscle in over stretched
What are the 5 types of synovial joints?
Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivot
Gliding
Saddle
Name one component of a neuron and outline its definition?
●Dendrites: receive the signals from other neurons
●Nucleus: containing DNA to control functioning of neuron
●Axon: transports signals from dendrite to axon terminal.
●Schwann cell: type of cell that provides insulation to neuron in PNS
●Myelin sheath: fat insulating axon.
Describe the pathway of the heart? What is the role of the septum
1.Deoxygenated blood from the body returns and enters the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava
2.The blood then enters the right atrium where it is pumped through the right AV valve (tricuspid valve) to the right ventricle.
3.The right ventricle them pumps the deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary valve, through to the pulmonary artery
4.The left and right pulmonary arteries transport the deoxygenated blood to the left and right lung where the exchange of carbon dioxide can take place. Carbon Dioxide exits the blood and oxygen enters.
5.Highly oxygenated blood returns from the lungs via the left and right pulmonary veins
6.The pulmonary veins transport blood into the left atrium and passes through the left AV valve (mitral valve) , into the left ventricle
7.The left ventricle pumps the blood into the aorta where it passes through the aortic valve
8.Under enormous relative pressure the oxygenated blood is then pumped from the aorta to organs, tissues and cells of the body.
What is Chronic Bronchitis? What is one way a person can manage this
Chronic Bronchitis is a long-term condition where the airways in the lungs become inflamed and produce excess mucus. This leads to persistent coughing, difficulty breathing, and reduced airflow.
Quitting smoking is one way to mitigate this from happening.
The muscular and skeletal systems work together to create movement. Muscles are attached to bones by tendons, and when the muscles contract, they pull on the bones, creating movement at the joints. The skeletal system provides structure and support, while the muscular system provides the force needed to move the bones.
Sarah, age 70, has weak and brittle bones. Her doctor tells her she is at a higher risk of fractures because her bone density has decreased. What is one way to mitigate this from happening rapidly.
Osteoporosis
Regular Exercise and exposure to sunlight
What is the response of a person putting their hand on a hot stove.
Sense Organs (Eyes, Nose, Skin) detect smoke of heat from the fire. The information is sent through the Sensory Division (afferent) of the PNS to the CNS. The CNS processes the danger and sends back through the motor division (efferent). It can be then taken two ways. Somatic Division (Voluntary) sends signals to skeletal muscles to run or escape the fire. Autonomic Division (Involuntary) activates the sympathetic division. The Sympathetic Division: Increases HR, Dilates pupils, Triggers the ‘fight or flight’ response and redirects blood flow to muscle. After danger has passes, the Parasympathetic Division helps the body return to normal