Determinants of Health
Define the difference between a health inequality and a health inequity.
Inequality = measurable health difference. Inequity = unfair, avoidable difference caused by disadvantage.
List the five levels of the Socio-Ecological Model.
Individual, Interpersonal, Organisational, Community, Society.
Name two global barriers to health.
Poverty, disease outbreaks (others: famine, drought, lack of clean water).
What does WHO stand for and where is it based?
World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.
Define health literacy.
The ability to access, understand, and apply health information to make decisions.
Name three social determinants of health.
Education, income, social support (others: work, housing, transport, culture).
In Maslow’s hierarchy, which level involves belongingness and relationships?
Level 3 – Love and Belonging needs.
What is the main purpose of a needs assessment?
To identify and prioritise health needs and guide interventions.
Name two functions of the WHO.
Provide leadership, monitor health trends (others: set norms, provide support, articulate policies).
What are the three Social Justice Principles?
Access & equity, diversity, supportive environments.
How does geographical location contribute to health inequities?
Limited access to healthcare → poorer outcomes (e.g., rural Australians higher rates of preventable disease).
What are the three strategies of the Ottawa Charter?
Enable, Mediate, Advocate.
Outline two steps in conducting a needs assessment.
Identify health issues; Analyse the problem (others: prioritise, set goals, determine strategies).
What is one investment priority of Australian Aid?
Education & health (others: gender equality, humanitarian policy/partnerships).
Give one example of a healthcare system reform in Australia.
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (others: vaccination programs, private health insurance rebate).
Explain how education influences health outcomes across a population.
Higher education = better health literacy, income, lifestyle choices, access to healthcare.
Define each step of the PABCAR model.
Problem, Amenability to change, Benefits vs costs, Acceptability, Recommended actions.
Explain how poverty impacts health.
Poverty limits education, nutrition, housing, healthcare → poorer health outcomes.
What is the purpose of SDG 3: Good Health & Wellbeing?
Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages.
Explain how enabling, mediating, and advocating reduce inequities.
Enable = empower people; Mediate = bring groups together; Advocate = influence policy/decision-makers.
A rural Indigenous community has high rates of chronic disease. Identify and explain two determinants.
Geographic location → limited access to services; Socioeconomic status → lower income restricts healthy food/healthcare.
Sugary drink ban in schools – use PABCAR to justify.
Problem = obesity; Amenability = schools can change; Benefits outweigh costs; Acceptability = parent support; Action = implement policy.
A community faces drought and food insecurity. Which type of need applies and how could a needs assessment help?
Comparative/Felt need; Needs assessment prioritises food security and guides interventions.
Maternal mortality issue – which WHO function + Aid priority helps?
WHO = provide technical support; AusAid = gender equality & empowering women.
How could the Ottawa Charter reduce youth vaping?
Build healthy public policy (ban ads), Create supportive environments (smoke-free areas), Develop personal skills (education campaigns).