Health priorities in Australia
Define what epidemiology is and identify the four measures.
Epidemiology- study of disease in groups or populations through the collection of data and information, to identify patterns and causes.
- Morbidity
- Mortality
- infant mortality
- Life expectancy
What are the three social justice principles
Equity, Diversity and Supportive Environments
What is the fuel for the ATP/PC system?
Creatine Phosphate
What is fartlek training?
Continous training with periods of increased intensity
What are the principles of training?
progressive overload
specificity
reversibility
variety
training thresholds
warmup and cooldown
Pre, in and off.
How can you classify sports injuries (five ways).
direct, indirect, soft, hard and overuse
When coaching female athletes what is important
Iron deficiency, eating disorders, pregnancy and bone density
Outline Medicare and the PBS (AND how they promote SJP)
Medicare: paid for by the gov through tax payer money (levy 2% of everyones income). Offer subsidised health care for everyone. Train ATSI health care workers to provide diverse health care. Safety net - when you reach a certain amount they continue to cover you.
PBS: medication made affordable to all Australians. Medications need to be on the PBS list to qualify for subsidisation.
List three risk factors for CVD and three protective factors for CVD
Risk: High cholesterol diet, sedentary lifestyle, genetics, smoking etc.
Protective: Regular physical activity, well balanced diet and regular check ups.
What are the psychological strategies to enhance motivation and manage anxiety
Concentration/attention skills (focusing)
Mental rehearsal/visualisation/imagery
Relaxation techniques
Goal-setting.
What is lactate threshold?
The point at which lactic acid accumulates quickly in the blood
Name 2 physiological and 2 psychological strategies to assist recovery.
Physiological strategies: cool down, hydration, nutrition, neural strategies (hydrotherapy), massage, tissue damage strategies (cryotherapy)
Psychological:meditation, breathing exericses, PMR, music, mental imagery
List the three sub phases of training and rough guide on how long they last.
Macro: 12 months
Meso: 1 month
Micro: 7 days.
What is taping and bandaging used for?
isolate injury, prevent further injury, decrease range of movement
When coaching children and young athletes it is important to consider?
medical conditions, overuse, thermoregulation and resistance
Distinguish the difference between prevalence and incidence
Prevalance- the number of diseases in a population at a specific time
Incidence is the number of new cases of diseases occurring in a population
What are the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter and one Health Promotion campaign that uses all five
1 Developing Personal Skills
2 Reorienting Health Services
3 Strengthen Community Action
4 Creating Supportive Environments
5 Building Healthy Public Policy
- Close the Gap, National Tabbcco campaign and National Safe Driving Campaign
Distinguish the difference between isometric and isotonic contractions?.
Isometric- muscle does not change length
Isotonic contractions- involve concentric and eccentric muscle contraction
What causes ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to split to ADP (adenosine diphosphate)?
Explosive muscular contraction
Distinguish the difference between aerobic and anaerobic training thresholds and where the aerobic training zone sits.
Aerobic: level of intensity sufficient to cause a training effect. Approx. 70% of max. HR Anaerobic: Level of intensity in exercise where training effect is caused on anaerobic system.
Between these thresholds is aerobic training zone.
What are the two uses of technology in sport to improve performance and provide and example of each
Equipment: swim suits and golf balls
What is used for assessment of injuries. Identify and outline.
TOTAPS
- TALK
OBSERVE
TOUCH
ACTIVE
PASSIVE MOVEMENT
SKILLS TEST
Identify an example of protective equipment in sport and potential unsafe environments
post pads
helmet etc
Pot holes, glass on the field.
Provide a group at risk for each of the cancer categories (skin, breast, lung)
Skin: white skin, blue eyes and light hair.
Breast: family history
List all the determinants of health and that factors that make up each of the determinants
Sociocultural: Family, media, peers, religion, culture.
Socioeconomic: employment, income and education
Environmental: Geo location, access to health services and technology
What are the adaptations of fast twitch fibres to anaerobic training?
Lactic acid tolerance, Hypertrophy, ATP/PC supply increases, increase of glycolytic enzymes
After how many seconds does the ATP/PC system use lactic acid system and how much work is required/duration?
10-12 seconds of ATP/PC system.
30 seconds at 85% max effort. Can last 3-4 minutes at 70-80% up to 30 minutes at 60% or less.
What are the physiological adaptations in response to training.
resting heart rate
stroke volume and cardiac output
oxygen uptake and lung capacity
haemoglobinlevel
muscle hypertrophy
effect on fast/slow twitch muscle fibres
List one example for each of the following drugs used in sport:
For Aerobic performance:
For strength:
For masking other drugs:
For Aerobic performance: EPO
For strength: Human growth hormone and anabolic steroids.
For masking other drugs: Diuretics and alcohol
List all 6 syllabus dot points that come under 'Return to Play'
- Indicators of readiness to return to play e.g. pain free and degree of mobility
- Monitoring progress e.g. pre and post test
- Psychological readiness
- specific warm up procedures
- return to play policies and procedures
- ethical considerations e.g. pressure to participate and use of painkillers.
What are the rehabilitation procedures for athletes returning to sport (syllabus)
Progressive mobilisation, graduated exercising (stretching, conditioning and total body fitness), training and use of heat and cold.
There are 5 factors for identifying Priority Health Issues. Name them. (syllabus)
1. Prevalence of condition
2. social justice principles
3. Priority population groups
4. costs to the individual and community
5. potential for prevention and early intervention.
List and give a description of the levels of health promotion.
Government- coordination and leaderships. Federal level- government works with international agencies like WHO to ensure that the general public, along with other important health related agencies, have the information and systems they need to produce the best health outcome possible.
Local and state governments should be responsible for providing and supporting preventive health services and promotion.
INDIVIDUALS- Each person must accept responsibility, and be held accountable, for their own health. Individuals need to seek out health information and advice so that they can make informed decisions about their wellbeing.They can contribute to overall health of the community by seeking support from family and friends or offering to assist others.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION- The majority of Australia’s health promotion campaigns provide people with perfect examples of how people, governments and cities can work together to generate a better health outcome for the population. These partnerships help better the population’s health rates and the effectiveness has been positively impacted by the Ottawa Charter’s five action areas.
List and describe the 4 types of stretching used to influence flexibility training. Provide examples for each
‐ Static Stretching: Muscle slowly stretched to position of discomfort and held 10‐30 sec. Safe, used for warm‐up / cool‐down, injury rehab, flexibility.
‐ Dynamic stretching: Uses speed + momentum to perform movements experienced in game. Reduces tiredness, gets muscles warm. E.g. arm windmilling, kicking with legs.
‐ Ballistic stretching: Bouncing but not recommended as can cause injury. Can activate stretch reflex (involuntary motion) which can tear muscle. E.g. bouncing to touch to
‐ PNF (Proprioceptice neuromuscular facilitation). Lengthening muscle against resistance. Static stretching and strength development. An isometric contraction and period of relax in lengthened position. E.g. lying on back and partner pushing legs back.
Identify the aspects that effect the learning environment.
nature of the skill (open, closed, gross, fine, discrete, serial, continuous, self-paced, externally paced)
the performance elements (decision-making, strategic and tactical)
development)
practice method (massed, distributed, whole, part)
feedback (internal, external, concurrent, delayed, knowledge of results, knowledge of performance)
Identify and outline the characteristics of skilled performers.
Characteristics of Skill and Performance 1. Kinaesthetic Sense
System of sensitivity that exists in muscles and their attachments. Skilled performerwell‐developed K. sense. Allows them to feel movement as they perform it. Can even make corrections while performing movement.
2. Anticipation + Timing
Able to predict what may happen in specific situations. E.g. speed of ball, where it will land, when kick will be effective. Allows more time to respond, anticipation is also necessary for externally paced activities. E.g. basketball, cricket.
3. Consistency
Skilled performershigh quality consistency. Can repeat desired movement in high‐pressure situations. E.g. tennis, golf
4. Technique
Good technique will be carried out in a safe, effective, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing manner. Movement will have better chance of being successful, will withstand pressure better, and less chance of injury if technique is proper.
Describe the three factors used to 'plan to avoid overtraining'
- amount and intensity of training
- physiological considerations e.g. lethargy, injury
- psychological considerations, eg loss of motivation
What are the climatic conditions that impact safe sport? (6 things)
What are the temperature regulations that impact safe sport? (4 things).
Climate: temperature, humidity, wind, rain, altitude and pollution.
Temperature regulations: convection, conduction, evaporation and radiation
What are the ethical considerations for returning to sport.
Provide examples for both and explain the ethical Dilema.
Pressure to participate e.g. from a coach or parent or for a big game.
Pain killers e.g. Codine or morphine - impact pain receptors make it more likely for an athlete to injur themselves even more.