Water
What is the process called when liquid water changes into water vapour due to heat?
Evaporation
What type of transport uses aeroplanes and helicopters?
Air transport
Is a harbour a natural feature or a human feature of the coast?
Human feature.
What type of coastal settlement is mainly visited by tourists for holidays, beaches and leisure activities?
Seaside resort / Holiday resort.
What instrument is used to measure wind speed?
Anemometer
What do we call people who move from place to place in search of water and grazing land for their animals?
Nomads
What do we call a situation when too many vehicles crowd the roads and cause slow-moving traffic?
Traffic congestion
What is the name of a steep rock face found along some coastlines?
Cliff
Give ONE reason why people build settlements near the coast.
Fishing, trade, transport, tourism or access to natural resources.
What is the main purpose of a traditional windmill, and what natural force makes it work?
A traditional windmill uses wind energy to power machinery, such as grinding grain into flour or pumping water.
What is the name of the highest layer of a tropical rainforest, where the tallest trees rise above the others?
Emergent layer
Give TWO advantages of using public transport instead of private cars.
Reduces traffic congestion, lowers pollution, saves fuel or reduces travelling costs. Accept any two.
What is the difference between coastal erosion and deposition?
Erosion wears away coastal materials, while deposition occurs when sand, pebbles and other sediments are dropped.
Benidorm in Spain is a popular coastal holiday resort. Give TWO reasons why tourists visit Benidorm.
Sandy beaches, warm Mediterranean climate, hotels, entertainment and leisure activities. (Any two.)
What causes wind to move from one place to another?
Differences in air pressure cause air to move from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.
Explain TWO ways a prolonged drought can affect people living in a farming community.
Crops may fail, causing food shortages; livestock may die from lack of water; families may lose income or be forced to move. Accept any two explained effects.
A city wants to reduce traffic congestion during rush hour. Suggest TWO ways the city could improve its transport system.
Improve bus and train services, introduce dedicated bus lanes, encourage carpooling, or improve cycling infrastructure. Accept any two.
How is a sea arch formed along a rocky coastline?
Waves erode cracks in a headland, forming caves that may eventually join together to create an arch.
Jebel Ali in Dubai is one of the world's major container ports. Explain TWO reasons why container ports are important for international trade.
They allow large quantities of goods to be transported efficiently by ships and make loading, unloading and transferring goods between ships, lorries and trains easier.
Hurricanes are powerful tropical storms that form over warm ocean waters. Explain TWO dangers hurricanes can cause to people living in coastal areas.
Strong winds can destroy buildings and trees, while heavy rainfall and storm surges can cause severe flooding.
In some poorer communities, people must travel long distances to collect water that may not be safe to drink.
Explain TWO problems this can cause and suggest ONE way a charity could help.
Problems: Waterborne diseases, time lost from school or work, and physical exhaustion.
Solution: Build wells, install water filters or provide safe water systems.
A school conducts a traffic survey and discovers that most students arrive by private car. Explain TWO possible environmental problems this may cause and suggest ONE solution.
Air pollution from vehicle emissions and increased fuel consumption. A solution is to encourage school buses, carpooling, walking or cycling where safe.
Oceans are constantly moving in different ways. Name THREE types of ocean movement and explain what causes each one.
Waves: Mainly caused by wind blowing across the water's surface.
Tides: Mainly caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun.
Ocean currents: Caused by winds, differences in water temperature and salinity, and the Earth's rotation.
Singapore is known as the 'Gateway to the East', while Rotterdam is called the 'Gateway to Europe'. Explain why these two ports are important to international trade.
Singapore: Located along major shipping routes connecting the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, making it an important centre for trade and shipping.
Rotterdam: Provides access to European markets through its connections to rivers, roads and railways, allowing goods to be transported across Europe.
A town receives a tornado warning, and residents are advised to seek shelter immediately. Explain TWO safety measures people should take during a tornado and why they are important.
Move to a basement or a small, windowless room on the lowest floor to reduce exposure to flying debris and strong winds.
Stay away from windows and protect your head and neck to reduce the risk of injury from broken glass and flying objects.