Rivers
What do we call the place where a river begins?
Source
What is the name of the highest mountain in the world above sea level?
Mount Everest
What is the name of the process in which waves move sand and pebbles along a coastline at an angle?
Longshore drift.
What do we call the process in which towns and cities grow as more people live in urban areas?
Urbanisation
What do we call a severe shortage of food affecting many people in a region?
Famine
What is the name of a smaller river or stream that flows into a larger river?
Tributary
What do we call the height of land above sea level?
Elevation / Altitude
How does marram grass help protect sand dunes along the coast?
Its deep roots help hold the sand together, preventing it from being blown away by the wind.
Tokyo is one of the world's largest urban areas. Name TWO reasons why Tokyo has grown into a major city.
Job opportunities, advanced transport networks, international trade, and the concentration of businesses and industries. (Accept any two.)
What is the term used when a person does not receive the right amount or balance of nutrients for good health?
Malnutrition
What happens when a meander is cut off from the main course of a river?
An oxbow lake is formed.
What type of mountain is formed when layers of rock are pushed together and folded by tectonic forces?
Fold mountain
Apart from tourism and fishing, name TWO other ways people use coastal areas for economic activities.
Ports and harbours for trade, salt production, tidal energy generation, or offshore oil and gas extraction. (Accept any two.)
In Rio de Janeiro, many low-income residents live in informal settlements called favelas. Explain ONE reason why these settlements often develop on steep hillsides.
Flat land in the city is often expensive or already developed, so some residents build homes on steep hillsides where land is more accessible or affordable.
What is the name of the region in eastern Africa that has experienced serious droughts and food shortages?
Horn of Africa
The River Nile flows through several African countries. Why was the River Nile important to the development of Ancient Egyptian civilisation?
t provided water for farming, fertile soil from floods, and a route for transport and trade.
What is a rain shadow, and why does it form on one side of a mountain?
A rain shadow is a dry area on the leeward side of a mountain. It forms because moist air loses much of its moisture as rain on the windward side, leaving drier air on the other side.
Why is Dunwich in England sometimes called the 'Lost City'?
Much of the historic town was destroyed by coastal erosion and lost to the sea.
Nairobi, the capital city of Kenya, has experienced rapid population growth. Explain TWO problems that can arise when a city grows faster than its housing and public services can develop.
Housing shortages may lead to overcrowded informal settlements, while inadequate sanitation and clean water supplies can increase the risk of diseases.
Explain the difference between a food crop and a cash crop.
Food crops are grown mainly for consumption, while cash crops are grown mainly to be sold for profit.
The Amazon River is one of the world's largest rivers. Name the ocean it flows into and the mountain range where its headwaters originate.
Atlantic Ocean and the Andes Mountains.
A geographer discovers a mountain range where large blocks of the Earth's crust have moved upwards or downwards along faults. What type of mountains are these, and how were they formed?
Block mountains. They form when tectonic forces cause the Earth's crust to break along faults, making some blocks rise or move down relative to others.
A coastal town builds several groynes along its beach to reduce erosion. After a few years, the beach on one side of the groynes becomes wider, while the beach further along the coast becomes narrower. Explain why this happens.
Groynes trap sand and pebbles carried by longshore drift, causing sand to build up on one side. However, less sediment reaches areas further along the coast, making those beaches narrower and more vulnerable to erosion.
Tokyo is a densely populated city located in an earthquake-prone region. Explain TWO ways the city can prepare for earthquakes to reduce damage and protect its residents.
Construct earthquake-resistant buildings to reduce structural damage, and organise earthquake drills and early-warning systems to help residents respond quickly and safely.
Explain TWO ways human activities can contribute to famine.
Wars can disrupt farming and food distribution; conflict can force people to leave their homes; poor management or unequal food distribution can prevent people from accessing food. Accept any two explained causes.