Excretory
What is the main job of the excretory system?
To remove waste products from the body.
What type of chemical messenger does the endocrine system produce
Hormones.
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
what are the upper and lower chambers of the heart called
atria and ventricles
What is the main function of the lung
To bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide.
What is the main role of the immune system?
To protect the body from pathogens that can cause disease
What organ stores urine before it leaves the body?
The bladder.
How are hormones transported around the body?
Through the bloodstream.
What two structures make up the central nervous system?
brain and the spinal cord
What type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
arteries
When you breathe in, does the diaphragm contract or relax?
Contracts.
What is a pathogen?
A microorganism or infectious agent that can cause disease.
What tube carries urine from each kidney to the bladder?
The ureter.
Compared with the nervous system, is the endocrine system generally faster or slower?
slower
Where do sensory neurons carry information from?
From sense organs to the brain and spinal cord.
What type of blood vessel carries blood towards the heart?
veins
what gas comes into the body and which gas comes out of the body?
oxygen in, carbon dioxide out
SURPRISE: A student is suddenly frightened. Name TWO changes that could occur during the sympathetic "fight or flight" response.
Increased heart rate, Increased breathing rate, Increased blood flow to muscles, Pupils dilate, Increased alertness
Name TWO substances that are removed from the body as excretory products.
urea, carbon dioxide, water, sweat.
Which system usually produces a longer-lasting response: nervous or endocrine?
endocrine
What is a stimulus?
A change in the environment that causes a response.
Which side of the heart has thicker muscular walls, and why?
The left side, because it pumps blood around the entire body.
Why does exhaled air contain more carbon dioxide than inhaled air?
Cells produce carbon dioxide as a waste product, which is transported to the lungs and breathed out.
What is the FIRST line of defence?
Physical and chemical barriers that stop pathogens entering the body, such as the skin and mucus.
What is the difference between the ureter and urethra?
The ureter carries urine from the kidney to the bladder, while the urethra carries urine from the bladder out of the body.
Which endocrine gland is known as the "master gland"?
The pituitary gland.
Why is a reflex action so quick?
The message travels to the spinal cord and back, rather than needing to travel to the brain and back first.
state the structural and functional differences between arteries and veins
arteries: thick muscular walls, bring oxygenated blood to the body
veins: thinner walls, have valves to prevent backflow, bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart
What features make alveoli efficient for gas exchange?
They are thin walled, allowing gasses to flow in and out easily, they are surrounded by capillaries
What is the SECOND line of defence?
A non-specific internal response that attacks pathogens that have entered the body, including immune cells and inflammation.
Why is removing waste from the blood important?
Waste products can build up and become harmful to the body, so they need to be removed to maintain healthy internal conditions.
Complete the comparison: Nervous system: messages travel along ________ and responses are generally ________.
Endocrine system: messages are carried in the ________ and responses are generally ________.
Nervous: neurons, fast
Endocrine: blood, slow
Put these in the correct order for a simple response:
response → stimulus → sensory neuron → spinal cord → motor neuron
Stimulus → sensory neuron → spinal cord → motor neuron → response
What is the function of platelets? Why are they important?
Platelets help clot the blood, preventing excessive blood loss when a blood vessel is damaged.
outline the steps of inhalation and exhalation
The diaphragm contracts and moves downward. The rib muscles contract, causing the ribs to move up and out. The volume of the chest cavity increases. Pressure inside the lungs decreases. Air moves into the lungs.
What is the THIRD line of defence?
A specific immune response involving lymphocytes that recognise particular pathogens and produce antibodies.
A person's kidneys are not removing wastes effectively from their blood. Predict what could happen if this continues.
Waste products would build up in the blood and could become harmful to the body.
A person touches something hot and immediately pulls their hand away. Is this mainly controlled by the nervous system or endocrine system? Explain why.
Nervous system, because it produces very rapid responses to stimuli.
You accidentally touch a hot object and quickly pull your hand away. Explain how the nervous system allows this response to happen so quickly.
Receptors detect the stimulus → sensory neurons carry the message to the spinal cord → the spinal cord sends a message through motor neurons → muscles respond and move the hand away.
Right atrium >_______ > pulmonary artery > >______ >pulmonary vein > _____________ > left ventricle >_____________
Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
Explain how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together
Oxygen enters the lungs when we inhale → oxygen moves into the blood → red blood cells transport oxygen around the body → oxygen is delivered to cells for cellular respiration.
A pathogen gets through the skin and enters the body. Explain how the three lines of defence would work together to protect the person.
First line: Barriers such as skin normally prevent the pathogen entering.
Second line: If it gets through, non-specific immune responses attack it.
Third line: Specific immune cells recognise the pathogen and produce a targeted response, including antibodies.