Ag Rev.
What was the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution was a period when societies moved from making goods by hand to producing them using machines in factories.
What is urbanisation?
Urbanisation is when people move from rural villages to towns and cities, causing cities to grow quickly.
What is child labour?
Child labour is when children are employed to work, often in dangerous or difficult jobs instead of attending school.
What is a trade union?
A trade union is an organisation that represents workers and protects their interests by negotiating with employers and helping resolve workplace issues.
What was Railway Mania?
Railway Mania was a period in the 1840s when many people invested money in railway companies because they believed trains would make them rich quickly.
What is a primary source?
A primary source is evidence created at the time of the historical event by someone who experienced or witnessed it.
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin and roughly when did it occur?
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and occurred roughly between 1750 and 1914.
Name the three main social classes in Industrial Britain.
Upper Class
Middle Class
Working Class
Name one job that children did during the Industrial Revolution.
Trapper (opening and closing mine doors)
Factory worker clearing machines
Knocker-up (waking workers)
Nightsoilman assistant
Why did crime increase during the early Industrial Revolution?
Crime increased because industrialisation caused unemployment and poverty, as machines replaced workers and many people moved to cities where jobs were limited.
What happened when the railway investment “bubble burst”?
When the bubble burst, many railway projects failed and people who had invested their savings lost their money.
What does the origin of a source tell us?
The origin tells us who created the source, when it was created, and whether it is a primary or secondary source.
Explain one difference between the Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.
The Agricultural Revolution focused on improving farming methods and food production, while the Industrial Revolution focused on using machines and factories to manufacture goods.
Describe one difference in living conditions between the middle class and the working class during the Industrial Revolution.
Middle-class families lived in spacious and well-furnished homes, while working-class families often lived in crowded slums or small tenements with poor sanitation.
Why did factory owners prefer to employ children during the Industrial Revolution?
Factory owners used children because they were cheaper to pay, more obedient, and their small hands could reach into machines to fix jams.
What was transportation as a punishment during the Industrial Revolution?
Transportation was a punishment where criminals were sent to live and work in exile overseas, often in Australia, for a set period of time or for life.
Why were many people excited about investing in railways during the 1840s?
Many people believed railways would make them rich quickly, so thousands invested their savings in railway companies hoping to earn large profits.
What is the purpose of a historical source?
The purpose explains why the source was created, such as to inform, persuade, record events, or share an opinion.
Why did enclosure change the lives of peasant farmers in Britain? Explain one effect.
Enclosure allowed wealthy landowners to combine small strips of land into larger farms surrounded by fences or hedges. This forced many peasants to leave their land and either work as farm labourers or move to towns to find work.
Give two problems caused by rapid urbanisation during the Industrial Revolution
Overcrowded housing and slums.
Disease spreading quickly due to poor sanitation.
(Other acceptable answers: crime, pollution, alcoholism).
Describe one dangerous condition children faced while working during the Industrial Revolution.
Children often worked long hours in dark mines or dangerous factories, where they could be injured by machinery or suffer health problems from poor conditions.
Explain one change to policing or punishment that occurred during the Industrial Revolution.
One change was the creation of formal police forces, such as the Bow Street Runners and Robert Peel’s police, which helped control crime in growing cities.
Why does the cartoon show the train “eating money sacks”?
The train eating money sacks represents how railway investments were consuming people’s savings and taxes, suggesting the railway boom was costing the public a lot of money.
Why is it important to consider the reliability of a historical source?
It is important because reliability helps historians determine whether the information in the source can be trusted and how accurate the evidence might be.
How did changes in agriculture help cause the Industrial Revolution? Explain two ways.
Improved farming methods increased food production, which supported a growing population.
Enclosure and agricultural changes forced many rural workers to move to cities, providing labour for factories.
What does the “Court for King Cholera” cartoon suggest about living conditions in industrial cities?
The cartoon shows that industrial cities had overcrowded housing, rubbish in the streets, and poor sanitation, which contributed to the spread of diseases like cholera. It criticises the unhealthy living conditions faced by the urban working class.
How did child labour reflect the living conditions of working-class families during the Industrial Revolution?
Child labour showed that many working-class families were extremely poor and needed every family member, including children, to work to survive, highlighting the harsh living and working conditions of industrial society.
How did trade unions improve conditions for workers during the Industrial Revolution?
Trade unions helped workers work together to demand better wages, safer working conditions, and fair treatment from employers, giving workers a stronger voice against factory owners.
Why does the artist portray the railway as a monster or serpent?
The artist portrays the railway as a monster to suggest that the rapid expansion of railways was dangerous and uncontrollable, harming people financially and disrupting society rather than only bringing progress.
What does corroboration mean when analysing historical sources?
Corroboration means comparing multiple sources to see if they support or contradict each other in order to strengthen historical conclusions.