Unit 1: Energy
The movement of electrons through a circuit
What is Electricity?
The main purpose of this process is to maintain stable internal conditions, ensuring optimal conditions for cellular processes
What is homeostasis?
The number of electrons an atom needs to gain, lose, or share to achieve a full outer shell
What is valency?
This term refers to short-term atmospheric conditions, such as whether "It rained 10mm in Sydney yesterday"
What is weather?
This is a predictive statement developed at the start of an investigation that can be tested scientifically
What is a hypothesis?
This device is wired in series with the component being measured and determines the current flowing through that component in a circuit
What is an ammeter?
This system uses hormones as chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to target cells, resulting in a slow but long-lasting response
What is the endocrine system?
An ion that has a positive charge
What is a cation?
The relationship between CO2 concentrations and global temperatures is that as CO2 concentrations increase, global temperatures do this
What is increase?
In a controlled experiment, this is the factor that is deliberately changed by the investigator and is conventionally plotted on the horizontal (x) axis of a graph
What is the independent variable?
When voltage is increased and resistance remains constant, this quantity increases, according to Ohm's Law
What is current?
This non-specific defense relies on physical barriers like skin and chemical barriers such as stomach acid and saliva enzymes to prevent the entry of microbes
What is the first line of defense?
The process by which atoms combine by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration, often resembling a noble gas
What is chemical bonding?
These three gases make up the major atmospheric compounds which together absorb and re-emit heat energy. (What are the three greenhouse gases?)
What are carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour (or nitrous oxide)?
A student must judge this quality of their first-hand data by determining the degree to which repeated observations or measurements under identical circumstances yield the same results
What is reliability?
The energy type that is converted into kinetic energy as a swinging pendulum moves downward, demonstrating the Law of Conservation of Energy
What is gravitational potential energy?
This classification describes a disease, such as diabetes or skin cancer, that is not caused by pathogens and cannot be transmitted between individuals
What is a non-infectious disease?
This bond type is formed between non-metals and involves the sharing of electron pairs, such as in water (H2O)
What is a covalent bond?
The term that refers to the increase in Earth's atmospheric temperature caused by higher levels of greenhouse gases due to human activities like burning fossil fuels
What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?
A student wants to test how light intensity affects the growth rate of plants. They keep the same soil type, water amount, and temperature for each plant. What are they trying to ensure by keeping these factors the same?
What is validity?
The calculated energy efficiency percentage for a light bulb that produces 75 joules (J) of light (useful output) for every 100 J put into it
What is 75%?
This describes an outbreak where a disease is spreading to multiple countries and infecting millions of people over a short period
What is a pandemic?
Unlike materials with other types of bonds, substances with this type of bonding are conductive in the solid state due to the presence of delocalized electrons
What is a metallic bond?
This climate change mitigation method, involving planting trees, has the limitations of requiring large areas of land and taking time for trees to sequester carbon effectively
What is reforestation?
This mandatory planning step must be completed before undertaking any practical investigation to identify potential dangers, such as handling corrosive chemicals or specialised tools, and involves explicitly considering ethical issues
What is assessing risks (or addressing safety and ethical guidelines)?