20th century African Leaders
-President of Uganda 1971-1979
-overthrew Milton Obote
-encouraged death squads such as the Public Safety Unit
-allowed hijacking Air France; Jewish hostages on board rescued in Operation Thunderbolt
Idi Amin
-First democratically elected President of South Africa
-Leader of African National Congress
-Fought against the apartheid movement, prisoned for 27 years
-Won Nobel Peace Prize
Nelson Mandela
-Channel in southeastern Virginia was the site of the first major fight between two ironclad ships
-wooden boat, the Merrimack, and fit it with ten guns
-Renamed the Virginia, it was captained by Franklin Buchanan.
-Union thus maintained its naval blockade of the Confederacy.
Hampton Roads
-Pan-African movement and the Black Power movement
-served as “honorary Prime Minister” of the Black Panther Party
-changed his name to Kwame Ture, moved to Guinea
Stokely Carmichael
-first African-American person admitted to the University of Mississippi in 1962.
-began the March Against Fear, walk from Memphis to Jackson
-wounded by a sniper; thereafter, thousands of other civil rights activists completed the march in his name
James Meridith
-Leader of Libya, 1969-2011
-Pan-arabist ideologist (Little Green Book)
-Terrorist act bombing PanAm Flight 103 over Scotland
-Overthrown during Libyan Civil War in 2011
Muammar al-Gaddafi
-Leader of Egypt 1954-1970
-Free Officers Movement that overthrew King Farouk
-Nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956 leading to confrontation with Britain, France, Israel
-President of United Arab Republic 1958-1961 (Egypt-Syria)
Gamal Abdel Nasser
-named after a church in Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee
-Confederate commander Albert Sidney Johnston
-Ulysses S. Grant, held the “Hornets’ Nest” for hours, killing Johnston in the process.
Shiloh
-first black woman elected to Congress; Democrat from NY
-first black major-party presidential candidate
-support of the Equal Rights Amendment
Shirley Chisholm
-perennial political candidate who ran for the U.S. Senate, mayor of New York City, and president of the U.S.
-center of many controversies
-accused of making anti-Semitic remarks during the 1991 Crown Heights riot, a racial riot
Al Sharpton
-First President of Kenya
-Leader of Kikuyu People that fought against British colonialism (Mau Mau rebellion 1950's)
Jomo Kenyatta
-Renamed the country Ghana-First African leader to declare independence from a colonial power
-Prime Minister of the Gold Coast and declared independence from Britain in 1957
-supported pan-Africanism
Kwame Nkrumah
-resounding victory by Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson pushed Union forces back to Washington, D.C
-ceding all of Virginia to the Confederacy and marking a low point in the Union effort
Second Bull Run
-advocated ending segregation at the University of Mississippi; after Brown v. Board of Education
-assassinated by Byron De La Beckwith, a member of the white supremacist network White Citizens’ Councils
Medgar Evers
-early investigative journalist and civil rights leader who helped found the NAACP
-documented her research in pamphlets Southern Horrors and The Red Record
Ida B. Wells
-Came to power during the "Congo Crisis"
-Changed name of country from Congo to Zaire
-atrocists human rights record but US supported due to anti-communism position in Cold War
Mobutu Sese Seko
-Leader of Tanzania (merged Tanganyika and Zanzibar)
-Negotiated with British Richard Turnbull for independence
-Socialist agenda
Julius Neyere
-bloodiest single day of the Civil War - 12,000 Union and 10,000 Confederate casualties
-Lee’s battered army retreated across the Potomac into Virginia
-the Union victory allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation
Antietam (or Sharpsburg)
-organized Operation Breadbasket
-worked on the Poor People’s Campaign after King’s assassination
-founded the civil rights organizations Operation PUSH (People United to Save Humanity) and the National Rainbow Coalition
-ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988
Jesse Jackson, Sr
-seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, disobeying driver James F. Blake’s order
-collaborated with Edgar Nixon from NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
-organized the Montgomery bus boycott
Rosa Parks
-First post-colonial President of Zimbabwe (successor state of Rhodesia) in 1980
-Leader of Zimbabwe African National Union
-Fought for civil and military African rights
Robert Mugabe
-Emperor of Ethiopia 1930-1974
-Invasion by facist Italy, led to live to exile in Britain until 1941
-Considered a sacred leader by Rastafarian movement
Haile Selassie
-Union commander Ambrose Burnside (who had replaced George McClellan)
-cross the Rappahannock River in a march toward Richmond, VA
-an attempt to flank the Confederate position was foiled by heavy rain during the so-called “Mud March” of January 1863
Frederickburg
-“I Have a Dream” speech at the 1963
-March on Washington
-Leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
-James Earl Ray assassinated him at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
-black Muslim civil rights activist
-supported violence might be necessary, speech “The Ballot or the Bullet”
-assassinated while preparing to give a speech at the Audubon Ballroom
Malcolm X