baby
A dynamic system of rules, explicit and implicit, share by a group and transmitted across generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness and well-being, and derive meaning from life (Matsumoto & Juang)
culture
The process of classifying people into groups based on similar characteristics, whether it be nationality, age, occupation, or some other trait.
social categorization
is defined as a social perception of an individual in terms of group membership or physical attributes. It is a generalization that is made about a group and then attributed to members of that group.
stereotype
The study was the first of its type and provided very interesting information about how the cult members coped with finding out that their strong beliefs were wrong.
Festinger(1956)
examined the shopping behavior of bi-cultural participants in a Singaporean university. People whose Western cultural values were made more salient through priming placed a higher value on immediate consumption than the people whose Eastern cultural values were made salient. It appears that Confucian Work Dynamism played a role in their online shopping behaviour.
Chen at al (2005)
The process by which someone comes into contact with another culture and begins to adopt the norms and behaviours of that culture.
acculturation
social categorization gives rise to _____________
in-groups and out-groups
the tendency to seek out or remember information that supports the relationship between an individual and the group they belong to
confirmation bias
set out to demonstrate that if children are passive witnesses to an aggressive display by an adult, they will imitate this aggressive behaviour when given the opportunity.
Bandura (1961)
was to see how stereotype threat affects test performance in African Americans. Authors defined stereotype threat as being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group.
Steele & Aronson (1995)
The perspective of a culture based on values and cultural norms. They work on a continuum - for example, a culture is never 100% collectivistic or individualistic, but are different levels with a preference for one set of behaviours over another.
cultural dimensions
the natural tendency of members of a group to favor their own group
in-group favoritism
occurs when one is in a situation where there is a fear of being judged or treated stereotypically or a fear of doing something that would inadvertently confirm that stereotype.
stereotype threat
The participants used a virtual reality simulator to experience an emergency in the London metro. It was found that those participants with a high in-group identification gave more help and pushed others less than did those who did not have in-group identification. Crowd size did not affect the amount of help given.
Drury et al (2009)
Analysis of hundreds of hours of videotape, backed up by interview data from teachers, parents, and some of the older children, showed no increase in antisocial behaviour among the children of St Helena.
Charlton (2002)
the process of adopting or internalizing the schemas of your culture
enculturation
you are more positive towards anything that your own group represents
positive distinctiveness
argues that an experience with an individual from a group will then be generalized to the group.
grain of truth hypothesis
This study, at a camp - using 14 years old boys, revealed one of the ways that intergroup conflict and negative intergroup attitudes may emerge. The study has been used to explain how racial prejudice and discrimination may arise between ethnic groups as a result of competition for resources.
Sherif et al (1954)
found that the Temne, which is the collectivistic culture, had a much higher rate of conformity when told what other Temne believed, even though it was incorrect. The Inuits, on the other hand, had an even lower rate of conformity than the Scots.
Interestingly, there was no significant difference within groups - that means, it made no difference whether the participants were living the traditional life or were highly exposed to Western culture.
Berry (1967)
The inability to empathize with another culture; to assume that one's own culture is the standard by which other cultures are assessed.
ethnocentrism
self-esteem is maintained by ____________________—that is, the benefits of belonging to the in-group versus the out-group
social comparison
is a possible side effect of stereotyping on how you remember events
memory distortion
found that the Indigenous Australian children performed significantly better than the white Australian children in placing the objects into their original locations.Conclusion: the survival of the Indigenous Australians in the harsh desert landscape had encouraged and rewarded their ability to store or encode information using visual retrieval cues.
Kearins (1981)
looked at the role of television on the development of gender stereotypes in elementary school children and supports that the introduction of television increased levels of gender stereotyping
Kimball (1986)