Science Inquiry
Describe qualitative and quantitative data, subjective and objective data.
Data sets that are numerical are quantitative and ones that are more descriptive are qualitative.
Subjective - opinion based, Objective - fact based
Outline the characteristics of the stressors.
Nature - importance, predictability, number of the stressor
Duration - acute or short term or chronic or long term stressors
Strength - magnitude or intensity of the stressor
Describe negative punishment.
•Remove pleasant/ rewarding stimulus
•Decreases undesired behaviour
Identify the three processes of memory.
Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval
List the psychological needs for motivation
Autonomy
Competence
Relatedness
Identify the name of the variables used in a correlational study & the type of graph used.
Behaviour variables & scatterplot
Describe the GAS Model. Include the names of the three stages.
GAS Model - physiological changes/response that the body automatically goes through in an attempt to alleviate or adapt to the impact of any stressor (real or imagined, eustress or distress, internal or external).
Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
Slot machines are an example for what schedule of reinforcement?
Variable ratio: Rewards an unpredictable number of desired responses.
Contrast sensation and perception (3 marks)
Sensation is a passive process and perception is a active process.
Sensation = receiving information/stimuli from the outside world into the sense organs, transduction or turning it into neural signals to send to the brain via transmission. Perception = selecting, organizing, and interpreting the information brought to the brain by the senses.
Sensation = Physiological/physical process. Perception = Psychological process.
Describe the difference between the components of the subjective model of wellbeing.
Affective balance refers to the ratio of positive and negative emotions that an individual experiences in their daily life, it is closely related to mood and emotional states of the individual and make up the “emotional” measure of wellbeing.
Life satisfaction refers to how satisfied an individual is with their life as a whole. It is a “cognitive” judgmental evaluation/assessment of one’s life circumstances and experiences (and therefore wellbeing) including work, relationships, health and finances.
Identify the type of study that looks at the same group of participants over a long period of time. Identify one advantage of this type of study. Contrast this to a cross-sectional study.
Longitudinal
Advantages: Shows development/progression of the participants condition OR Not subject to cohort effects OR Looks at direct changes in participants, making it very reliable
Cross-sectional studies look at different groups of individuals (ie. age groups) at the same point in time.
Explain two criticisms of restorative theory of sleep.
The theory assumes that more sleep is required to recover when humans are physically active. Studies have shown that unless someone has partaken in extreme physical activities (example: 100 km marathon) there is little impact of sleep length.
The theory assumes the body rests during sleep; however, the brain is active and there is an increased blood flow and energy expenditure during REM sleep.
May place too much emphasis on the physical repair functions of sleep, while ignoring that many restorative processes can occur during periods of quiet wakefulness.
Name and describe the three phase model.
The antecedent is a stimulus or event that occurs before the behaviour.
The behaviour or voluntary, observable action or response that occurs due to the antecedent
The consequence is the outcome to the behaviour. It can be positive or negative and influences the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again.
Describe the duration and encoding of short term and long term memory. Name the theorist & year who came up with this model.
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
STM: duration - up to 30 seconds (5-18 sec without rehearsal), encoded - most of the information is processed via auditory encoding, mainained through: rehearsal (elaborative & maintenance), and chunking.
LTM: duration - relatively permanent/indefinite, encoding - semantic (through meaning and symbols) & physical changes in neurons for storage
Explain why Maslow's hierarchy of needs is not "all or none". Identify the difference in the order of needs between Maslow's 1954 and 1970 models.
◦You can partially satisfy lower needs while working on higher needs
◦Order of needs may vary amongst individuals and people can be motivated by more than one need simultaneously
◦Continual movement up and down the hierarchy as partially or fully satisfied needs become threatened and require attention.
◦1954: Self-actualisation is level 5.
◦1970: Has 3 extra levels - Level 5- cognitive needs, aesthetic needs, self-actualisation needs and transcendence needs
A nutritionist was interested to see if there was a relationship between healthy options at a canteen and the schools’ overall ATAR scores. She used the healthy star rating system to give 100 WA schools a rating on the food served at their canteen. She then took the 2016 mean ATAR results for each school to collate her data and found r = -0.42. Interpret these results.
Weak negative correlation coefficient.
As ATAR scores decrease the amount of healthy options at the school's canteen increases.
Inverse relationship between the behavioural variables - correlation does not equal causation.
Sally learns in school that management of electronic devices is an important technique to improve sleep hygiene. Identify the name and year of the study that supports this. Explain two other techniques that can be used to improve sleep hygiene.
He et al (2020)
Consistent sleep patterns helps to regulate the circadian rhythm and can increase the amount and duration of sleep and help to prevent sleep deprivation. Improved by: going to bed at a similar time, no napping, bedtime routine, sleep diary etc.
Creation of a healthy sleep environment should be clean, low temperature, low light, quiet, free from distractions/technology, comfortable & supportive mattress and pillow
Name the theorist who came up with the Law of Effect, state law and the aim of his study.
Edward Thorndike (1898), 1.we naturally repeat desired responses that are rewarded in some way. 2.we naturally reduce undesired responses that are punished in some way
Aim: To examine the influence reinforcement had on the behaviour of cats seeking to escape from a puzzle box in order to reach food.
Name a condition caused by a thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. Explain what leads to the deficiency of thiamine and the impact this condition has on behaviour, emotion and memory.
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS)
Drug induced - excessive alcohol & often poor nutrition - as this leads to inflamed stomach lining and being unable to absorb vitamins.
Memory: problems learning new information/ inability to remember recent events / long-term memory gaps / may "confabulate," or make up, information they can't remember to fill in memory gaps
Behaviour: impulsive, erratic behaviour, slurred speech, hallucinations
Emotion: agitation, irritability, apathy (lack of interest), mood swings, outbursts of anger
Alex works at a retail store and is highly motivated by the prospect of earning a bonus. Their performance peaks at the end of each month when the bonus is within reach. Identify the type of motivation and justify your reasoning referring to the continuum. Include in your response the potential causes and the impact on behaviour.
·Extrinsic motivation
·Lowest level of extrinsic motivation: Behaviour is driven by external rewards, performance linked to the presence of a tangible reward (bonus).
·Potential Causes: Financial needs, desire for recognition or material gain.
·Impact on Behaviour: High performance when rewards are present, possible decline in motivation when external rewards are removed.
A research Psychologist was interested in studying the effect of trans fats on a person’s mood. She decided to research 100 Directors from Australia’s leading mining companies to see if their diet affected their mood. Each Director took a mood indicator questionnaire at the beginning of the study. They were then split into two groups. Group 1 was to remove all trans fat food from their diet for one month. Group 2 would continue their diet consuming a minimum of 12% of trans fat (the national average amount in an Australian diet). After the month the researcher gave each participant the mood indicator questionnaire again to compare their results.
Name the correct term for group 1 and 2. Explain how she should have assigned directions to each group and outline the reason for this.
Group 1 - experimental group
Group 2 - control group
Random allocation - Participants are placed into groups through chance, where every member of the sample has the same probability of participating in the experimental or control groups.
Reason - minimises the impact of (participant) extraneous and confounding variables
A study finds that individuals with strong social support networks experience less stress when faced with challenging life events. Discuss how the transactional model of stress can explain this finding.
The transactional model of stress posits that stress involves both the cognitive appraisal of a stressor and the coping resources available.
Individuals with strong social support networks may form a primary appraisal of the stressors as being less threatening or more of a challenge. They may then have a positive secondary appraisal as they feel they have the resources and support to manage the situation effectively. This can reduce the overall experience of stress and its physiological and psychological impacts.
In an effort to promote sustainable practices among her students, Ms. Carter, a 7th-grade science teacher, launches a classroom-wide Recycling Initiative to help students develop a habit of recycling properly. She models how to recycle, introduces a team recycling competition which includes prizes, and has quizzes during the week to recap what items can and cannot be recycled. Apply Bandura's learning theory to this scenario, include the components of this type of learning can be used to teach students how to recycle.
A) A teacher has trouble remembering a new students name because it's similar to the name of a previous student. Type of forgetting?
B) Contrast cued recall and recognition, use an example to assist.
Proactive Interference
Recognition involves identifying information amongst other information.
•E.g. list of all year 7 students and circling the ones in your class
Cued recall involves retrieving the information with the assistance of cues.
•E.g. given a class photograph as a cue (no names)
Tom has a strong sense of meaning and continually seeks to achieve his goals through improving his knowledge, but feels disconnected from others and finds it difficult to compromise. Assess Tom's psychological well-being using Ryff's model and suggest ways he might enhance his well-being.
Tom's scores high in the dimensions of purpose in life as he has a sense of meaning and seeks to achieve his personal goals, and personal growth as he is continually looking to improve his knowledge. He is low in positive relations with others.
To enhance his well-being, Tom could focus on building social skills, engaging in activities that foster connection, and seeking out supportive and like-minded individuals to form deeper relationships.