Topic 1
(Communication)
(Communication)
The two types of local cell signaling are…
Paracrine and synaptic
The three stages of cell signaling are...
Reception, transduction, and response
Is blood sugar regulation an example of positive or negative feedback?
Negative
Where do chromosomes go during metaphase?
The middle (the metaphase plate)
What is programmed cell death called?
Apoptosis
When in direct contact, cells communicate through...
Gap junctions and plasmodesmata
The macro-molecule that binds to a signal molecule is called a(n) ___
Ligand
The state of maintaining relatively stable internal conditions is called...
Homeostasis
A pair of copied chromosomes paired together form ___
Sister chromatids
The term for cancer entering the bloodstream and traveling to other organs is ___
Metastasis
Animal cells send signals through ___, while plant cells send signals through ___
Gap junctions ; plasmodesmata
Ion channels are activated by...
Ligand binding
___ feedback loops reduce the effect of a stimulus to maintain homeostasis, and ___ feedback loops increase the effect of the stimulus to achieve an end.
Negative ; positive
DNA wraps around proteins called ___
Histones
What are the stages of interphase in which the cell grows?
G1 and G2
The space between the nerve cell and the target cell is called the...
Synaptic cleft
What do protein kinases do?
Relay signals
Sensory organs that detect a stimulus are called...
Receptors/sensors
List the 6 stages of mitosis in order.
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
Proteins that regulate the cell cycle are called ___
Cyclins
In long distance signaling, plants use ___ and animals use ___ ___
Hormones ; endocrine signaling
The signal transduction pathway regulates protein activity through...
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
The muscle or gland that responds to a stimulus is called a(n) ___
Effector
What happens to the nuclear envelope during prometaphase?
It fragments
Not counting G₀, what is the longest stage of interphase?
G₁