GRAMMAR RULES
We use “used to” instead of “would” with past ________ verbs that describe a situation or state.
After ________ (consider) all the options, the committee decided ________ (change) the original plan.
Answer: considering / to change
(consider + gerund; decide + infinitive)
Future Perfect
By next Friday, the students ________ (complete) their final projects.
will have completed
The new bridge ________ (build) by a team of engineers every year as part of the city’s development plan.
is built
Present simple tense - every year
We use ____ after adjectives.
Gerunds or Infinitives
infinitives
I am happy TO HELP!
This is difficult to understand.
She regrets ________ (not/take) the opportunity to study abroad when she was younger.
Answer: not taking
(regret + gerund = feel sorry about a past action)
Future Progressive
At 8 p.m. tomorrow, I ________ (watch) the championship game with my friends.
will be watching
Active: The company must complete the safety checks before they open the new facility.
Passive: ______________________________________
The safety checks must be completed by the company before the new facility is opened.
Rule: Modal passive structure = modal + be + past participle
Examples:
We use ______ following a preposition.
gerunds OR infinitives
Gerunds
The teacher reminded the students ________ (submit) their assignments before ________ (leave) the classroom.
Answer: to submit / leaving
(remind + infinitive; before + gerund)
Future Perfect Progressive
By the end of this year, she ________ (work) at the company for ten years.
will have been working
(Past perfect passive)
The documents ________ (sign) by the manager before the meeting started.
had been signed
Modal verbs ALWAYS use...
bare infinitive, or BASE verbs
I will go to the moon.
I can't eat meat.
I must kiss cats.
He admitted ________ (make) a mistake but refused ________ (apologize) for it.
Answer: making / to apologize
(admit + gerund; refuse + infinitive)
The Future from a Past Perspective:
Context: Today is Sarah's 9th anniversary at her job. She plans to stay at the company for at least one more year to reach a major milestone.
Sentence: "By this time next year, Sarah _______________ working at the company for a full decade."
Active: The manager had approved the documents before the meeting began.
Passive: ______________________________________
The documents had been approved before the meeting began by the manager. - awkward
or
The documents had been approved by the manager before the meeting began.
In the passive voice, the object of an active sentence becomes the ________ of the sentence.
SUBJECT
ACTIVE: I kicked the ball.
PASSIVE: The ball was kicked (by me).
I remember ________ (meet) her for the first time, but I forgot ________ (ask) for her phone number.
Answer: meeting / to ask
(remember + gerund = recall a past event; forget + infinitive = fail to do something)
By this time tomorrow, I ________ (travel - progressive) to New York. By next week, I ________ (completem- perfect) my final project. By the end of this year, I ________ (work - perfect progressive) at this company for five years.
1. will be traveling (Future Progressive)
2. will have completed (Future Perfect)
3. will have been working (Future Perfect Progressive)
Active: The workers will have finished the project by Friday.
Passive:
The project will have been finished by the workers by Friday.