Homeostatsis
Homeostasis
Protective outer covering that includes skin, hair, setae, scales, feathers, and horns
Integument
Blood is confined to tubes, so it is different from interstitial fluid
Molecules diffuse between blood and interstitial fluid
Blood accounts for 5‐10%
systems allow large animals to regulate blood flow to tissues
Closed Circulatory System
Why do we eat and why are there feeding adaptations
Maximize reproductive success
Shark fins
Lung fish fins
Perch fins
Heterocercal
Diphycercal
Homcercal
hypertonic to environment (more solutes than environment)
Water flows in fish, they fight to keep it out
Osmoregulator
maintain rigidity through manipulation of body fluids to create pressure against body wall
Hydrostatic Skeleton
system forms during development
Blastoderm not filled by mesoderm, instead forms hemocoel
Hemolymph (blood) washes through hemocoel
No distinction between blood plasma and lymph
Hemolymph accounts for 20 to 40% of body vol
Open Circulatory System
greater the absolute food intake but lower relative energy requirements. (More non-structural materials to support)
larger body size
Different types of skin
Thin, moist, and attached loosely to the body. Composed of an outer stratified epidermis and an inner spongy dermis. Epidermal layer contains deposits of keratin
Thicker (keratin in layers) and more waterproof (lipid layer) than amphibians
Modified plate like scutes that form their shell. Bony plates called osteoderms beneath the keratinized scales. new keratinized epidermis grows beneath old, so can shed at intervals.
Amphibian
Amniote
Reptile
hypotonic to environment (less solutes than environment)
Water flows out fish, they fight to keep it in
Osmoregulator
Saltwater Fish
process of metameres 'fusing' to form functional units (body regions)
Tagmosis
a fluid equivalent to blood in most invertebrates, occupying the hemocoel.
Hemolymph
obtaining nutrients from particles suspended in the soil, E.g. Earthworms
Deposit Feeding
Snake locomotion
Use S-shaped movements to push against surfaces
Two to three sections of the body support the snake, while intervening sections lift up and pull forward using rib muscles
Vipers throw their bodies forward in loops
Undulation
Rectilinear
Sidewinding
ability to resist dilution of body fluids by dilute seawater
Osmoregulation
Composed of dense connective tissue that contains blood vessels, collagenous fibers, nerves, pigment cells, fat cells, and unique connective tissue cells Sometimes produce scales, antlers/horns, etc.
Dermis
the primary body cavity of most invertebrates, containing circulatory fluid.
Hemocoel
Feed on decaying organic matter
Saprophagous
body temperature approximates the ambient temperature. Not capable of controlling body temperature as ambient temperature varies.
regulates body temperature when active, but allows body temperature to fluctuate with the environment when inactive.
controls body temperature, keeping it relatively constant as ambient temperature varies.
Poikilotherm (poikilo =“varied”)
Heterotherm
Homeotherm
cannot regulate osmotic pressure of their body fluids
osomoconformers
are the blocks of skeletal muscle tissue found commonly in chordates. They are commonly zig-zag, "V" (as in primitive ones like lancelets) or "W" (as in vertebrates) – shaped muscle fibers.
Myomere
tiny, porous vessels through which molecules diffuse in to/out of body tissues
Capillaries
food is broken down outside the cell either mechanically or with acid by special molecules called enzymes
extracellular digestion
Blood respiratory pigments (No Haemorthrin)
(Red, in humans and other vertebrates, contains iron that binds to oxygen oxygenated blood-bright red)
(blue, in crustaceans, squids, octopus, and mollusucs, copper)
(Green, in earthworms, leeches and some marine worms, Iron)
Hemoglobin
Hemocyanin
Chlorocruorin