Parental Care
A mother rhino must spend 2 years feeding and defending her calf before she is able to reproduce again.
What are costs of parental care?
When predators are near, vervet monkeys make alarm calls to warn others of the danger, despite putting themselves at greater risk (Seyfarth et al., 1979).
What is altruism?
A benefit to cooperative breeding; indirect, but relative's genes are passed on
What is kin selection?
Man's closest relatives, _____, are also able to learn language visually, proving they also have cognitive ability to form somewhat complex languages
What are chimpanzees?
This causes less parental care and higher infanticide rates.
What are harsh environmental conditions?
When a stronger chick outcompetes its sibling for food and space in the nest
What is siblicide?
A family of elephants helps raise and protect the matriarch's child.
What is inclusive fitness?
Higher survivability in groups, cost of breeding solo is too high, unstable environment
What are reasons for cooperative breeding to evolve?
Tall, deep-voiced males are typically preferred for signaling higher amounts of testosterone, which is a signal of dominance amongst other males.
What is female mate choice?
Chimpanzees have been raised and train to communicate using ____ (Jensvold & Gardner, 2000)?
What is American Sign Language?
A response to harsh environmental conditions or low offspring survivability.
What is increased parental care?
In naked mole rat colonies, there is only one breeding female, and there are dozens of workers that never get an opportunity to breed. Still, these workers provide many services to the colony such as raising young, despite no direct fitness benefit.
What is eusociality?
Many organisms, especially waterfowl, are at risk for this if they are unable to recognize their own offspring
What is conspecific brood parasitism?
The language learning and imprinting ability drops off at a certain age for every human.
What is a critical period?
The oxpecker's relationship with ungulate grazers is considered _______ because both are benefitting in some way (Nunn et al., 2011).
What is mutualism.
-Oxpeckers will eat the ticks and parasites off of the backs of these ungulates. So, the rhinos or zebras get to stay healthy and clean, while the oxpeckers get a safe place with food.
Male seahorses will assume almost all of this responsibility in order to boost future reproductive attractiveness (Lin et. al, 2023).
What is parental care?
When certain individuals in a system are punished by others for acting selfishly (breeding, stealing food, etc)
What is worker policing?
Many primates will groom, share food, or defend a companion, expecting to receive the same treatment at a later time.
What is reciprocity?
Men's preferred female figure, signals youth and prime fertility
What is the waist-to-hip ratio, or "hourglass figure"
Shoebills commonly lay two eggs, but only raise one to fledging (Mullers & Amar, 2015).
What is maximizing fitness?
King penguin parents have a unique call they make when separated from their chick. In the absence of nest sites, chicks must recognize their parent's call and locate them that way (Jouventin et al., 1999).
What is a form of offspring recognition?
Explains why altruism can spread evolutionarily if the benefits outweigh the costs (rB>C)
What is Hamilton's Rule?
Although red wolves are monogamous, there is often a helper wolf that assists in rearing pups when population density is low or environmental conditions are harsh (Sparkman et al., 2010).
What is cooperative breeding?
Smaller tongue than chimps, more proportional voice tract, unique nonsynonymous substitutions in FOXP2 gene.
What is the basis of the anatomy of human communication?
One of the most structurally and socially complex, eusocial, mutualistic groups of organisms in the world.
What are leaf cutter ants (Della Lucia et al., 2013)?