Muscles
List 3 of the 5 main functions of the muscular system.
Movement, Support, Posture, Temp, Communication.
Leukocytes:
Granules contain histamine, serotonin, and heparin: __
Exits circulation and transforms into macrophages, which engulf foreign invaders by phagocytosis: __
Large with bi-lobed nuclei; stain bright red with an acidic dye: __
Basophils, Monocytes, Eosinophils
List the layers of the heart starting from the outside in.
Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
___'s law describes how pressure and force have an inverse relationship.
Boyle
Connective Tissue Layers:
Layer that surrounds the fascicle: __
Layer that surrounds the entire muscle: __
Layer that surrounds the muscle fiber: __
Perimysium, Epimysium, Endomysium
Blood Types:
__ = universal recipient
__ = universal donor
AB, O
Differences between cardiac muscles and skeletal muscles included innervation by the ___ nervous system, inclusion of ___ that fuse membranes together with gap junctions and desmosomes, and death after only a few minutes without ___.
ANS, intercalated disks, O2
The tunica ___ contains smooth muscle fibers for vasoconstriction. This layer is much larger in ___. (blood vessel)
Media, Arteries
The ___ is the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle. The region occupied only by thin filaments is the ___. The entire length of thick filaments is the ___.
Sarcomere, I band, A band
Smoking releases CO which binds more effectively to hemoglobin and the lack of O2 creates a state of functional anemia. The problem is compounded when the ___ stimulates the release of the hormone ___. Overproduction of RBCs then leads to ___.
kidney, erythropoietin, polycythemia
In a pacemaker potential, constant efflux of __ causes a steadily increasing membrane potential. Rapid depolarization of the membrane due solely to __ ions. The slow subthreshold current specific to these potentials is called the ___.
K, Ca, Funny Current
There are 2 blood vessels. The radius in vessel 2 is 2 times as large as the radius in vessel 1. Which blood vessel has a greater flow rate? What is the resistance in vessel 2 compared to the resistance in vessel 1? (ex. 1000 times more or 1/1000 of the flow)
Vessel 2, 1/16th
Describe cross bridge cycling with at least 5 correct steps.
...
In the hemoglobin molecule each of the 4 chains contain a ___ group that binds O2 using a central ___.
Heme, Fe
Cardiac myocytes have a membrane potential that is ___ than skeletal muscles. The primary depolarizing ion is __. Before rapid repolarization caused by the __ ion, __ channels stay open causing the ___ phase.
Lower, Na, K, Ca, Plateau
Capillary Exchange:
Example of a molecule that diffuses through the cell:
Example of a molecule that diffuses through pores:
Example of a molecule that cannot leave the capillary:
Gas, Fatty Acids, Steroid Hormones
Na, K, Glucose
Proteins (ex Albumin)
Myosin unbinds from actin when ___ binds to myosin. The ___ takes place after a Pi molecule is released. During the rigor phase, ___ is bound to the myosin.
ATP, Power Stroke, Nothing (or Actin)
In the platelet plug, ___ binds to exposed collagen in damaged wall of vessel. Next, ___ bind and become sticky. [Previous Answer] then releases ___ which increases the stickiness even further.
vWF, platelets, ADP
During the isovolumetric ventricular contraction phase: Where is the blood moving to?
This phase is the 2nd phase of the cardiac cycle and takes place during early ventricular ___. The ventricular pressure is ___ than the atria and ___ than the blood vessels. This phase best correlates with the segment between _ and _ on an EKG and the electrical change is caused by _polarization.
N/A, Systole, Greater, Less, Q, R, Depolarization
Veins act as the ___ reservoirs in the body and are much more ___ compared to arteries. ___ ensures for unidirectional blood flow. On the venous side of a capillary there's a/an ___ pressure that causes net ___.
Blood, Compliant, Valves, Osmotic, Absorption.