People
At the last minute, President Adams appointed these people in the judicial branch. One of them went on to become the most influential Supreme Court Justice in US history, John Marshall.
Midnight Judges
This group of people fought alongside the British in the war, in hopes of stopping American encroachments onto their land.
Native Americans
In United States constitutional history, this is a legal theory that a state has the right invalidate any federal laws which that state has deemed unconstitutional.
Nullification
In what is sometimes referred to as the "Revolution of 1800", Vice President Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party defeated incumbent President John Adams of the Federalist Party.
The Election of 1800
This failed act was a general trade embargo on all foreign nations that was enacted by the United States Congress. It represented an escalation of attempts to coerce Britain to stop any impressment of American sailors and to respect American sovereignty and neutrality but also attempted to pressure France and other nations in the pursuit of general diplomatic and economic leverage.
The Embargo Act
As the 3rd president, this person pursued the nation's shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies. This person also promoted a western expansionist policy, organizing the Louisiana Purchase which doubled the nation's land area.
Thomas Jefferson
This general won a series of battles in the War of 1812 that brought him national fame - including the Battle of New Orleans. After one soldier commented that he was as tough as hickory, his nickname became "Old Hickory."
Andrew Jackson
This was a legal form of kidnapping. British ships would stop US ships, seize American sailors off of them and force them into service against their will.
Impressment
This event took place at Weehawken, New Jersey, between the Vice President of the United States, and the former Secretary of the Treasury, on the morning of July 11, 1804. This was a culmination of a bitter rivalry that had developed between both men who had become high-profile politicians in postcolonial America.
Hamilton v. Burr Duel
This Act lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports. Its intent was to damage the economies of the United Kingdom and France.
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
During his single term, this person encountered fierce criticism from the Jeffersonian Republicans and from some in his own Federalist Party, led by his rival Alexander Hamilton. This person signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts and built up the Army and Navy in the undeclared Quasi-War with France.
John Adams
The British ransacked and burned this building to the ground in retaliation for the American victory at the Battle of York. This was also the last time that foreign troops stepped foot in the capitol.
The White House
This concept established that courts have the power to strike down laws and statutes that they find to violate the Constitution.
Judicial Review
This act was the acquisition of the territory of west of the original colonies by the United States from France in 1803. In return for fifteen million dollars, the United States more than doubled the size of the country.
The Louisiana Purchase
Also known as The Midnight Judges Act, this act represented an effort to solve an issue in the U.S. Supreme Court during the early 19th century. The act also created 16 new judgeships that John Adams rapidly began to fill in the last weeks of his presidency. These judges came to be known as the "Midnight Judges."
Judiciary Act of 1801
For his role in defusing sectional crises, he earned the title of the "Great Compromiser" and was part of the "Great Triumvirate" of Congressmen, alongside fellow Whig Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun. This person also ran for president in the controversial Election of 1824.
Henry Clay
This was written during the Battle of Baltimore, while an American was held prisoner on a British ship. While very popular at the time, it did not cement its place in American history until 1931.
Star-Spangled Banner
This is the loyalty to one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole. Created tensions between the North, South, and West.
There was no clear winner for the presidency so Henry Clay used his power in Congress to help John Quincy Adams win. In return, Clay is made Secretary of State. Andrew Jackson, Adam’s opponent in the election, accuses Clay of making a “corrupt bargain.”
The Election of 1824
The creation of a new state has the potential to unbalance the number of slave vs. free states. Southern states were worried this may cause the end of slavery and threatened secession. This act says that any state south of the 36’30 parallel will be a slave state and any north will be a free state.
The Missouri Compromise
This person is the most famous of the various Midnight judges. This person was also the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court while faced with the Marbury v. Madison case. In this case, they upheld the principle of judicial review, whereby courts could strike down federal and state laws if they conflicted with the Constitution.
John Marshall
This declared the end of fighting on Christmas Eve 1814. It did not address the issues of impressment or neutral shipping rights, but Americans were eager for peace.
The Treaty of Ghent
This is the economic plan designed by Henry Clay, in which he attempted to prevent sectionalism by tying each part of the country together economically. Through this plan, the country was able to build roads and canals. It also reaffirmed US commitment to the National Bank.
The American System
President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the expedition shortly after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 to explore and to map the newly acquired territory, to find a practical route across the western half of the continent, and to establish an American presence in this territory before European powers attempted to establish claims in the region. The campaign's secondary objectives were scientific and economic: to study the area's plants, animal life, and geography, and to establish trade with local Native American tribes.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
This case established the concept of judicial review.
Marbury v. Madison