Biosystems week 11 plant revision

Plant Diversity

100

Which group of plants does NOT have vascular tissue?

A. Ferns
B. Gymnosperms
C. Mosses
D. Angiosperms

C. mosses

200

The dominant life stage in non-vascular plants (bryophytes) is the ______________ generation.

gametophyte

300

what are two adaptations that allowed plants to successfully colonise land

• Protection of gametes and embryos (e.g., archegonium, antheridium, embryo retained in parent plant)

• Waxy cuticle to reduce water loss

• Stomata for gas exchange

• Apical meristems for growth above/below ground

• Tough spores with sporopollenin to resist drying

400

Match the plant group to its correct characteristic:

1. Mosses
2. Ferns
3. Gymnosperms
4. Angiosperms

a. Seeds enclosed in fruit
b. Dominant sporophyte with vascular tissue
c. Gametophyte-dominant life cycle
d. Naked seeds (cones)

• Mosses = c (gametophyte-dominant life cycle)

• Ferns = b (dominant sporophyte with vascular tissue)

• Gymnosperms = d (naked seeds in cones)

• Angiosperms = a (seeds enclosed in fruit)

500

Explain why seedless vascular plants (e.g., ferns) were more evolutionarily successful than bryophytes (non-vascular).
 

• Have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) → allows transport of water and nutrients

• Can grow larger and taller due to structural support from lignin in xylem

• Have a dominant sporophyte stage (more complex and long-lived)

• Have true roots and leaves, increasing absorption and photosynthesis efficiency

• More successful at competing for sunlight and dispersing spores over longer distances

600

Compare gymnosperms and angiosperms by stating:

• One key difference in reproduction
• One advantage angiosperms have over gymnosperms in modern ecosystems

• Difference in reproduction:
  • Gymnosperms: seeds are naked (cones), no flowers or fruit. wind fertilisation.
  • Angiosperms: seeds are enclosed in fruit and produced in flowers (double fertilisation) - animal transport mainly
• Advantage of angiosperms:
  • More efficient pollination and seed dispersal (often animal-assisted via flowers and fruits)
  • Allows greater reproductive success and colonisation of diverse habitat

Plant Anatomy

100

Which of the following lists the three basic plant organs correctly?

A. Roots, flowers, fruits
B. Roots, stems, leaves
C. Leaves, xylem, phloem
D. Stems, epidermis, ground tissue

B. Roots, stems, leabes

200

The two main vascular tissues in plants are __________ and __________.

xylem and phloem

300

What are two main functions of roots in plants

• Anchors the plant in the soil

• Absorbs water

• Absorbs minerals

• Stores carbohydrates and energy reserves

400

Match the plant type to its correct root or leaf characteristic:

1. Monocots
2. Eudicots

a. Parallel leaf veins
b. Branching leaf veins
c. Fibrous root system
d. Taproot system

• Monocots = a, c (parallel veins, fibrous root system)

• Eudicots = b, d (branching veins, taproot system)

500

Label this diagram (top to bottom)

Apical meristem

node

leaf

node

600

There are 3 types of cells in ground tissues. Name them

Primary and Secondary growth in Plants

100

TRUE OR FALSE:

1. Primary growth occurs in ALL plants

2. Secondary growth occurs in ALL plants

1. Primary growth occurs in ALL plants - TRUE

2. Secondary growth occurs in ALL plants - FALSE

200

Which meristem is primarily responsible for secondary growth in plants?

A. Apical meristem
B. Ground meristem
C. Lateral meristem
D. Protoderm

C. Lateral meristem

300

The layer of cells in roots that regulates the movement of substances into the vascular tissue is called the __________________________.

Endodermis

Vascular cylinder – solid core of xylem and phloem. Surrounded by root endodermis: layer of cell between ground tissue and vascular tissue. Forms a barrier to regulate passage of substances from soil to vascular tissue

400

Compare primary growth and secondary growth in plants.

• where does each type of growth occur?
• What type of meristem involved?

1. Primary Growth - 

• Occurs at the tips of roots and shoots.
• Produced by apical meristems.

2. Secondary Growth (thickness) - 

• Occurs in older regions of stems and roots (areas other that tips), especially in woody plants.
• Produced by lateral meristems

500

Describe the three zones involved in primary growth of roots

Zone of cell division: stem cells (apical meristem) and their immediate products

Zone of elongation: where new cells elongate (up to 10x their original length) 🡪 pushes root tip further down

Zone of differentiation (or maturation): cells complete differentiation, become distinct cell types

600

Label the following structures

• Secondary phloem
• Vascular cambium
• Secondary xylem
• Pith
• Cork cambium

1. Cork cambium
   • Lateral meristem that produces cork outward and phelloderm inward; responsible for bark formation.
2. Secondary phloem
   • Transports sugars (photosynthates) from leaves to other parts of the plant.
3. Vascular cambium
   • Thin cylinder of dividing cells; produces secondary phloem outward and secondary xylem inward.
4. Secondary xylem (wood)
   • Transports water/minerals upward and provides structural support; forms annual growth rings.
5. Pith
   • Central ground tissue, mainly parenchyma; storage and internal support in young stems. 

Soil and Plant Nutrients

100

what are the two basic properties of soil?

Texture and composition

200

__________________________ are beneficial, symbiotic fungi that colonize plant roots.

Mycorrhizae 

300

Describe each soil horizon: (3)

 

Horizon A: Topsoil. Consists of mineral particles (broken-down rock of various textures), living organisms and humus (decaying organic material) 

Horizon B: Less organic matter, less weathered 

Horizon C: Partially broken-down rocks 

400

Label each particle type and rate its water retention and oxygenation as: ‘good’ or ‘medium’ or ‘poor’

Sand: Water retention = poor. Oxygenation = Good.

Silt: Water retention = Medium. Oxygenation = Medium.

Clay: Water retention = Good. Oxygenation = Poor.  

500

define Macronutrients and Micronutrients, and list at least 3 of each that plants need. (3 macronutrients and 3 micronutrients)

Macronutrients = Macronutrient: essential elements plants need in relatively large quantities. Examples: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen,
phosphorus, sulphur 

Micronutrients = essential elements plants need in relatively small amounts (often cofactors). Examples: chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, molybdenum 

600

name 4 methods of controlling erosion

Planting trees (windbreaker, root stabilisation)

Terracing hillside crops (levels)

Cultivating in a contour pattern (not straight)

Practicing no-till agriculture (growing crops from year to year without disturbing the soil) completely eliminated soil erosion

Resource aquisition and Transport in Plants

100

Which transport pathway moves substances through the cytosol and plasmodesmata of plant cells?

A. Apoplastic pathway
B. Symplastic pathway
C. Transmembrane pathway
D. Cohesion pathway

B. Symplastic pathway

Explanation:

apoplastic – external to the cell membrane

symplastic – via the cytosol of the cell (requires entry into 1 cell, then can move via plasmodesmata)

200

The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to lower water potential is called __________________________.

Osmosis

300

State and explain the three short-distance transport pathways in plants:

apoplastic – external to the cell membrane

symplastic – via the cytosol of the cell (requires entry into 1 cell, then can move via plasmodesmata)

transmembrane – between cells across the cell membrane (repeated crossing)

400

Explain how water potential (Ψ) influences water movement in plant cells. 

Water potential (Ψ) determines the direction water moves by osmosis. Water moves from areas of higher water potential to lower water potential.

500

Describe the cohesion–tension hypothesis for the movement of water through xylem.

The cohesion–tension hypothesis explains how water moves upward through xylem.

Water evaporates from leaf surfaces during transpiration. This creates negative pressure (tension) in the leaf. 

600

In angiosperms, phloem sap flows in sieve-tube elements. By what two methods does sap move through the plant?

Active transport and Bulk flow (positive pressure)