People Power
Brinks, Levitsky, and Murillo argue that state institutions in Latin America are weak because these are not enforced, and thus compliance is low
What are rules?
These laws require political parties to nominate specific percentages of women for public office
What are gender quotas?
This index measures income inequality
What is the Gini coefficient?
This is a social hierarchy where status, wealth, and opportunities are determined by skin tone, not just race
What is pigmentocracy?
Trejo and Ley use this visual tool to describe the joint space where both the state and criminal groups coexist and cooperate
What is a venn diagram?
In the early 2000s, this movement shifted away from privatization, focusing instead on nationalization, increased social spending, and poverty reduction
What is the Pink Tide?
This structural emphasis of gender-based violence implicates both the state and individual perpetrators
What is feminicide?
Conditional cash transfers can be effective poverty relief programs, but often suffer from few institutional checks and this
What is political manipulation?
This nationalistic myth suggests that all citizens belong to a single, blended race
What is mestizaje?
According to Magaloni et al., this kind of informal regime involves criminal organizations enjoying good relationships with both the state and local community
What is symbiotic criminal rule?
This period allowed leftist governments to fund their redistributive programs
What is the commodity boom?
According to Escobar-Lemmon & Taylor-Robinson, these kinds of governments appoint more women to their cabinets
What are leftist governments?
Household surveys often miss important information, so this method provides a better sense of wealth inequality (and control)
What are tax records?
This occurs when candidates and parties employ certain electoral mobilization strategies based on voters’ race
What is electoral discrimination?
For Trejo and Ley, organized crime can only exist when criminal organizations gain some level of this to operate illicit markets
What is state protection?
This is a set of market-oriented policy prescriptions designed to remedy the Latin American debt crisis, emphasizing fiscal discipline, privatization, and deregulation
What is the Washington Consensus?
Østby et al. argue that violence persists after war and at the local level, specifically at this "household" level
What is intimate partner violence?
For Alvaredo et al., this method estimates inequality as a range, as opposed to a definite measure
What are inequality bands?
In Mexico, indigenous governance enhanced this critical state function i.e., servicing electricity, education, sewage
What is public goods provision?
According to Dube et al., an influx of guns from U.S. border states led to increased violence in this country due to this condition?
What is greater electoral competition in Mexico?
Mainwaring and Pérez-Liñán argue that political factors, notably this, explain both democratic survival and breakdown in Latin America
What is regional environment?
Gender quota laws can expand the presence of women in government, but they struggle to hinder this larger, long-standing issue
What are patriarchal practices?
Weak redistributive systems imply that this fundamental quality of the state is weak/low
What is state capacity?
Yashar argues that indigenous movements relied on this, focused on timing, and this, built on pre-existing social ties, to successfully demand special rights from their states
What are political openings and transcommunity networks?
Calderon et al. find that the killings of this rank of drug leaders cause increased spillover violence to neighboring areas
What are lieutenants?