Contested Meanings of Development
This index combines life expectancy, education, and income to measure development more broadly.
What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?
This ideology argues that capitalism creates exploitation and class inequality.
What is Marxism?
The factor which includes access to capital, credit, and aid.
What is an economic factor?
Corruption is usually categorized as this type of factor in development.
What is a political factor?
The process the government growing plants in cities.
What is urban forestry?
This common measure of development focuses mainly on the total value of goods and services produced in a country.
What is GDP?
In Marxist thinking, this class sells its labor for wages and is often exploited.
What is the proletariat?
This social factor matters because discrimination can prevent parts of the population from contributing fully to development.
What is gender equality?
This theory suggests that development should first help people meet basic survival and safety needs before they can pursue higher goals like esteem and self-actualization.
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Urban forestry can remove this type of pollutant which induces climate change.
What are greenhouse gases?
Development is contested partly because actors choose different ______, such as GDP, HDI, or the Gini coefficient.
What are indicators/measures?
This term describes a neoliberal belief that market competition leads to efficiency and innovation.
What is the free market?
This political factor refers to a government’s ability to maintain order and avoid constant conflict or crisis.
What is political stability?
In dependency theory, poorer countries are often described as supplying raw materials to these richer countries.
What are core countries?
The plan China created which calls for urban forestry development.
What is the 5-year plan?
This term refers to development that meets present needs without harming future generations’ ability to meet theirs.
What is sustainability?
Neo-Marxists often argue with this theory that underdevelopment in poorer countries is linked to this global economic relationship with richer countries.
What is World Systems/dependency theory?
This can slow development by reducing public trust towards the government, wasting public money, and weakening institutions.
What is corruption?
People often refer to the World Bank and the IMF as part of this.
What are the Bretton Woods institutions?
The international goal which China is following in developing urban forestry.
What is the 11th SDG?
This thinker is associated with the capabilities approach, which defines development in terms of expanding human freedoms.
Who is Amartya Sen?
Neoliberalism is strongly associated with this broader economic process of increasing cross-border trade, finance, and investment.
What is globalization?
This refers to the number, age structure, and growth of a population, which can affect development.
What are demographics?
This theory argues that powerful groups maintain control not just through force, but by shaping ideas, values, and what people see as “normal” or “common sense."
What is Gramscianism?
The framework which the government uses to collaborate with private corporations.
What is the Private Public Partnership framework?