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___________________ rate is the average annual change of the population size during a set period of time, usually a year
Population growth
_________________ occurs when there are more people in an area than can be supported by its resources and technology
Overpopulation
____________________ occurs when there are more resources available than the population can use effectively
Underpopulation
____________________ occurs when there is a balance between the number of people and there sources/technology available.
Optimum population
The ___________________ is the number of deaths in a population in a period with a particular disease as the underlying cause, such as an annual death rate per 1,00,000 population.
mortality or death rate
What is migration?
Migration is the movement of people across an official boundary, either internationally or nationally, with the intention of creating a permanent place of residence.
What are the different types of migration?
Voluntary
Involuntary or forced
Internal
Political - internally displaced, refugee and/or asylum seekers
What are push factors? List 3 push factors.
The push factors the reality of the current situation for the migrant; it is what makes the person consider moving from the place of origin. Civil war, unemployment, lack of resources, poverty, crime rates, climatic conditions, natural calamity like drought, floods.
What are pull factors? List 3 pull factors.
The pull factor is the perceived outcome; it is what they imagine the move will bring to the place of destination. Personal safety, better education, health care, life style, housing facilities.
Why do people migrate Voluntarily? Give 2 reasons
The usual reason is economic for work, promotion etc.
In developing countries this is usually internal from rural to urban areas
In developed countries counter urbanisation is more common -urban to rural
What leads to?
Levels of pollution
Crime rates
Unemployment or underemployment
Levels of food and water shortages
Pressure on services such as hospitals and schools
Over population
What leads to?
Fewer people paying taxes which can lead to higher taxes
Underused resources, which can lead to wastage
A shortage of workers
Lower levels of exports and production which affects the wealth of an area
Fewer customers for goods and services
Under population
______________ is affected by the following factors:
Quality of, and access to, healthcare
Natural disasters - famine, drought
Disease such as HIV/AIDS
War/conflict
Death rate
The aim of ________________________ is to reduce pressure on resources and improve the quality of life for the whole population.
anti-natalist policies
The aim of _________________ is to make use of the available resources, decrease strain on the population, improve the work force and decrease pressure on social systems.
pro-natalist policies
List POSITIVE Impacts on Country of Destination
More low-wage workers
Job fulfilment
Increased diversity
Cultural enrichment
Boost to local economy
List NEGATIVE Impacts on Country of Destination
Job competition
Increased pressure on public services
Discrimination and racial tensions (immigrant seen as stealing jobs)
Increased pressure on natural resources,
Overcrowding
List POSITIVE Impacts on Country of Origin
Migrants may return with new skills
Reduction in unemployment
Less pressure on public services
More resources available
Remittances area source of income and can boost local economy
List NEGATIVE Impacts on Country of Origin
Tax increase due to depopulation
Reduction of workforce
Brain-drain effect - less of a skilled workforce
Ageing population with an outflow of young people
Depopulation in rural areas affecting agricultural output
List NEGATIVE Impacts on Migrants
Running out of money
Language barriers and cultural assimilation
Exploitation
Passport, visa or immigration issues
Weather conditions - unsuitable clothing
Problems with housing or accommodation upon arrival
Illness - as theres often no available health care
This is a description for which demographic model?
The total population is low
High birth rates due to lack of contraception/family planning
High death rates due to poor healthcare, poor diet and famine
High infant mortality which leads people to have more children so that some children survive to adulthood
Stage 1
This is a description for which demographic model?
The total population continues to increase but the rate of growth begins to slow
Birth rate begins to fall rapidly due to increased birth control, family planning, increased cost of raising children and low infant mortality rate
Death rate still decreasing but at a slower rate as improvements in medicine, hygiene, diet and water quality continue
Stage 3
The following description shows which demographic model?
The total population starts to slowly decline as the death rate exceeds the birth rate
Birth rate is low and slowly decreasing
Death rate is low and fluctuating
Stage 5
The following description shows which demographic model?
The total population is high and is increasing slowly
Birth rate is low and fluctuating due to accessible birth control and the choice of having fewer children as well as delaying the age women start to have children
Death rate is low and fluctuating
Stage 4
This is a description for which demographic model?
The total population starts to rise rapidly
Birth rates remain high as people continue to have large families
Death rates decrease as a result of improved diets, better healthcare, lower infant mortality and increased access to clean water
Stage 2