Classical Conditioning
What psychologist is most associated with classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
What psychologist developed the theory of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
Getting candy for good grades is an example of what?
Positive Reinforcement
What psychologist is associated with observational learning and the Bobo doll experiment?
Albert Bandura
A dog salivates when hearing a bell. What kind of learning is this?
Classical Conditioning
In classical conditioning, what is the previously neutral stimulus that triggers a response after association?
Conditioned Stimulus
What is the process of reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior?
Shaping
What is a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior repeating?
Punishment
Learning by watching others is called what?
Observational Learning (Or modeling)
A student avoids studying because they got a bad grade anyway. What type of operant consequence is this?
Negative Reinforcement
What is it called when a conditioned response decreases over time without reinforcement?
Extinction
A child is given extra chores for misbehaving. This is an example of what?
Positive Punishment
A student studies more often after their phone is taken away for not doing homework. This is what type of learning?
Negative Punishment
What are the four steps of observational learning?
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
Explain how shaping could be used to teach a dog to roll over.
Reinforce small steps: lying down → turning → rolling fully.
What term describes when a conditioned response is triggered by stimuli similar to the original CS?
Generalization
What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?
Reinforcement increases behavior; punishment decreases behavior.
What is a primary reinforcer? Give an example.
A reinforcer that satisfies a biological need, like food or water.
When a child copies an adult’s aggressive behavior, what type of learning is that?
Modeling
A student sees their friend get praised for answering in class and starts doing the same. What type of learning is this?
observational learning or vicarious reinforcement
In Pavlov’s experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus?
The Food
Name and describe the four types of operant conditioning.
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment
What schedule of reinforcement is based on time intervals and consistent reward delivery?
Fixed interval Schedule
Explain vicarious reinforcement.
When someone learns by watching others be rewarded for behavior.
Design a short example of classical conditioning with an unconditioned stimulus, a neutral stimulus, and a conditioned response.
Example: A child hears a song (NS) every time they get ice cream (US), and later feels happy (CR) when hearing the song (CS).