Ch. 07
Anatomy
The study of the form and structure of an organism
Pathophysiology
The study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease processes
Organelles
Cell structures that help a cell to function. The main organelles are the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, centrosomes, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum.
Pinocytic Vesicles
Pocket-like folds in the cell membrane. They fold to allow large molecules (like proteins and fats) to enter the cell. When such molecules are inside, the fold closes to form a vacuole or bubble in the cytoplasm
Homeostasis
A constant state of natural balance within the body, referring to keeping a chemical level in balance.
Cell
Microscopic structures that carry on all the functions of life, including taking in food and oxygen, producing heat and energy, moving, adapting to the environment, eliminating waste, performing special functions, and reproducing to create new identical cells.
Physiology
The study of the processes of living organisms, or why and how they work.
Vacuoles:
Pouch-like structures found throughout the cytoplasm that have a vacuolar membrane with the same structure as the cell membrane. They are filled with a watery substance, stored food, or waste products.
Protoplasm
The basic unit of structure and function in all living things
Infectious
Caused by a pathogenic (germ-producing) organism such as a bacteria or virus.
Cell Membrane
The protective covering of the cell, sometimes called the plasma membrane. It is semipermeable, meaning it allows certain substances to enter and leave the cell while preventing the passage of other substances
Prognosis
A prediction of the probable course and/or the expected outcome of the disease.
Genome
The total mass of genetic instruction unique for each individual, like a genetic fingerprint.
Genes
The carrying code that allows for exact duplication of the cell. They carry the inherited characteristics.
Inherited
Transmitted from parents to child genetically (e.g., color blindness, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome).
Nerve Tissue
Is made up of special cells called neurons. It controls and coordinates body activities by transmitting messages throughout the body
Stem Cells:
Cells that have the ability to transform themselves into any of the body's specialized cells and perform many different functions
Connective Tissue
The supporting fabric and structure of organs and other body parts. It contains two main classes: soft (e.g., fat, ligaments, tendons) and hard (e.g., cartilage, bone).
Dehydration
A condition of having an insufficient amount of tissue fluid.
Muscle Tissue
Produces power and movement by contraction of muscle fibers. There are three main kinds: skeletal, cardiac, and visceral (smooth).
Organ
Two or more tissues joined together to perform a specific function (e.g., heart, stomach, lungs).
System
Organs and other body parts joined together to perform a particular function (e.g., circulatory system).
Degenerative
Caused by a deterioration of the function or structure of body tissues and organs, either by normal body aging or lifestyle choices (e.g., arteriosclerotic heart disease, COPD, osteoarthritis).
Epithelial Tissue
The main tissue in the skin. It forms the lining of the intestinal, respiratory, circulatory, and urinary tracts, and is the main tissue in glands, where it specializes to produce specific secretions
Centrosome
Located near the nucleus, it contains two small, tube-like structures called centrioles. Centrosomes separate during cell reproduction (mitosis) and form the spindle fibers that help the chromosomes separate and attach, creating two new identical cells.