Urinary System 1
what's urinary incontinence
loss of bladder control (temporary or permanent)
what's the function of the urinary system
removes water from blood, regulates water and pH of blood, controls rbc production
what does RAAS stand for
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
renin: what triggers the release, from where, why
released from the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys when bp or Na+ are low
how many nephrons in A kidney (~)
1.3M per kidney
how do nephrons produce urine
blood filtered (glomerulus) → water & nutrients are reabsorbed (proximal convoluted tubule) → drugs removed from blood: hydrogen and
potassium control pH (tubular secretion)
major organs in the renal system
kidneys, bladder, ureter, urethra, bladder
what does the RAAS system do
controls/regulates bp
what does renin do in the bloodstream
makes angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
how much urine does the average person produce daily
1500mL
1.5L
what are the two parts of a kidney (and describe)
renal corpuscle: glomerulus (capillary ball) and bowman’s capsule: surrounds the glomerulus)
renal tubule: 3cm long tube with 3 parts (proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule)
name two common disorders and a bit about them
chronic kidney disease: loss of function - fatigue, frequent urination, nausea
diabetes insipidus: lack of ADH (kidneys aren’t absorbing properly) - thirst, frequent urination
diabetes mellitus: lack of insulin made - glucose in urine
hemolytic anemia: rbc destroyed - dizziness, pale skin, high HR, hemoglobin in urine
kidney stones: buildup of calcium salts in kidneys - dehydration, high pH
maple syrup urine disease: can’t digest amino acids (right after birth) - sweet smelling urine, dark brown
urinary tract infection: bacteria in the urethra - painful urination, fever, abdominal pain
what does GFR mean/stand for, what's it based on and what's considered good
total volume of water each kidney filters per minute (mL/min) - based on plasma levels, recorded based on a percent (60%-100% kidney function is good)
what makes angiotensin I into angiotensin II, and where does come from
ACE in the lungs
what are the sounds you hear when taking manual bp
korotoff sounds
describe normal urine medically
95% water, 5% other (urea/protein, uric acid/metabolized protein), creatine (muscles)
pH of 6 and temporarily sterile
no wbc, rbc, glucose
how do kidneys transport urine
renal pyramid → minor calyx→ major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder→ urethra
what's creatinine
byproduct of breaking down creatine in your muscles (always in your bloodstream)
what are the two effects of angiotensin II
vasoconstriction (blood vessels shrink) = raises bp
makes the adrenal release aldosterone
when is ACE released
always in the lungs
only released into the blood when bp is low
how does blood flow in the renal system (oxygenated and deoxygenated)
renal artery → hilum (region) → arterioles → venuoles→ hilum (region) → renal vein)
what's a nephron
functional unit of the kidney
what's albumin, what does it do, what does low levels mean
protein made by your liver
keeps fluid in your blood so it doesn’t leak into other tissues (carries hormones, vitamins, enzymes)
low levels: problem with kidneys/liver
how does aldosterone increase blood pressure
makes the kidneys hold onto sodium and water, increasing bp
where is angiotension made, how often
in the liver, always being made