Mitosis
Describe the daughter cells formed in mitosis
2 identical cells
Describe the daughter cells formed in mieosis
4 unique daughter cells
S phase(synthesis phase)
How many n represent a diploid?
2n
Ribosomes synthesize ________ from ___ ____
proteins from amino acids
_____ is the first stage of mitosis, during which chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle begins to form
prophase
___ the final stage of cell division (both mitosis and meiosis) where two new nuclei form, one for each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes begin to uncoil
telophase
Enzyme that breaks H-bonds
Helicase
Solve this cross Aa*aa
1/2 Aa 1/2 aa
Enzymes lower the _____ ______ to speed up reactions
Activation energy
_____ is the stage where chromosomes are aligned at the center of the cell, forming the metaphase plate
metaphase
Define a gamete
haploid cell that is used in sexual reproduction
What is a primer?
In DNA replication, a primer is a short, single-stranded nucleic acid sequence, usually RNA, that initiates DNA synthesis. It acts as a starting point for DNA polymerase, which can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing strand.
What is a genotype?
A genotype refers to an organism's complete set of genes or its genetic makeup
what is the central dogma of biology?
DNA →transcription→ RNA →translation→ protein
_____ is a groove that forms in the plasma membrane of a cell during cell division, specifically during cytokinesis, to physically separate the newly divided cytoplasm and membrane into two distinct daughter cells
define zygote
the single cell formed when a male sperm cell fertilizes a female egg cell. This fertilized egg contains a complete set of chromosomes, one set from each parent, and marks the beginning of a new organism.
describe
-anti-parallel
-semi-conservative
-complimentary base pairing
anti-parallel refers to the two strands of the double helix running in opposite directions, one 5' to 3' and the other 3' to 5'.
Semi-conservative means that each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
Complementary base pairing dictates that adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C)
_______ is a variant form of a gene that occupies a specific location (locus) on a chromosome
Allele
What is the basic structure of a plasma membrane?
- fluid-mosaic model
- phospholipid bilayer
-semipermeable
what cells indergo mitosis?
somatic cells
what cells undergo meiosis?
germ cells, also known as gametic cells
what are the G1 and G2 checkpoints?
The G1 checkpoint, located at the end of the G1 phase, assesses if conditions are favorable for DNA replication, while the G2 checkpoint, at the end of G2, checks for DNA damage and proper replication before mitosis.
What is the ratio of genotypes for RrYy x RrYy?
9:3:3:1
9: Represents the offspring expressing both dominant traits.
3: Represents the offspring expressing one dominant trait and one recessive trait.
3: Represents the offspring expressing the other dominant trait and a recessive trait.
1: Represents the offspring expressing both recessive traits.
What are the statements of cell theory?
1) all living organisms are composed of one or more cells; 2) the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things; and 3) all cells arise from pre-existing cells