Religion in New Spain
What institution was created to punish people who went against the Catholic religion in New Spain?
The Holy Inquisition.
Did the Bourban Reforms achieve more royal power, higher taxes, local militars, and economic modernization in Spanish colonies?
Yes!
What economic system did Spain use to control Indigenous labor and tribute?
encomienda system
When was the Mexico independence?
September 16, 1821
When did the independence movement begin?
September 16 1810
Who appeared to Juan Diego on Tepeyac Hill in 1531?
The Virgin of Guadalupe.
The _____ served as the representative of the king in New Spain.
Viceroy
Who were the encomenderos, and what were they supposed to do in return for Indigenous labor?
The encomenderos were Spanish colonists who received the right to collect tribute and labor from Indigenous people. In return, they were supposed to protect and evangelize them.
What was the Independence of Mexico?
It was the conflict between insurgents and royalist for the freedom of Mexico of the monarchy
Who started the independence movement by giving the “Grito de Dolores”?
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.
What did religious orders (like Franciscans and Dominicans) do in New Spain?
They taught Christianity, built missions and schools, and helped evangelize Indigenous people.
Who was the first viceroy of New Spain?
Antonio de Mendoza
What were the real consequences of the encomienda system for Indigenous peoples?
Led to exploitation and abuse of Indigenous peoples, creating poverty and inequality that lasted for centuries.
Who took the leadership after Hidalgo’s death
José María Morelos y Pavón
What symbol did Hidalgo use for the insurgent army?
A banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe.
Why is the Virgin of Guadalupe important for the religion of New Spain?
Because she united Indigenous beliefs with Catholic faith and became a major spiritual symbol.
What was the intendencies system?
New administration divisions run by intendents to make government and taxes more efficient.
What was the main economic purpose of the Bourbon Reforms in the 18th century?
Increase Spain’s control and revenue by improving tax collection, boosting productivity, and reducing corruption.
Which was the plan that Agustin de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero proclaimed?
The plan of Iguala
What group in Querétaro met secretly to plan the rebellion?
The Querétaro conspiracy (Hidalgo, Allende, Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, etc.).
Why did Spain expel the Jesuits from New Spain in 1767?
Because the Crown thought the Jesuits had too much power and were a threat to royal control.
Name 3 cities with intendencies system
Guanajuato/Puebla/Guadalajara/Valladolid/Oaxaca/San Luis Potosí/Veracruz/Durango/Sonora/Mérida……and more
What was the purpose of the Intendancy system
Replace corrupt officials and lead the expulsion of the Jesuits
Which were the three guarantees that the plan proclaimed?
Independence, religion, and Union of all social classes
What impact did Hidalgo’s plan had on people?
After his dead his plan inspired others and gave them the courage to fight for the cause