Biology-The study of life
True or False:
Robert Hooke was the first to describe cells in cork
True
Spontaneous reactions __________
Non-spontaneous reactions ____________
Spontaneous reactions release energy
Non-spontaneous reactions require energy
By convention, the sequence of amino acids in a proteins is always written in what direction?
amino-terminal to carboxyl terminal end
Nucleotides have three parts...what are they?
What kind of bonds to nucleotides use?
How are they written?
5 carbon sugar
phosphate
nitrogenous base
Phosphodiester bonds
5' to 3'
What is the general formula for a carbohydrate
(CH20)n
What is Spontaneous generation?
Who disproved it?
Living organisms arise from non-living matter
Louis Pastuer
1. energy cannot be created or destroyed
2. entropy increases in a closed system
3. everything stops at absolute zero
Describe the difference between hydrolysis and condensation reactions
hydrolysis: building a polymer: monomer in, water out
condensation: degrading a polymer: water in, monomer out
What are Chargoffs rules?
A pairs with T (same amount)
G pairs with C (same amount)
Purine(AG) pairs with Pyrimidine (CT)
What is the difference between an aldose and a ketose?
Aldose has a C=O on the end
Ketose has a C=O in the middle
What is the complete cell theory?
Hint:(2 parts)
1.) All organisms are made up of cells
2.) All cells come from cells
What 4 atoms make up 96% of all matter in organisms? Of those which is the most electronegative? The least?
Most: Oxygen
Nitrogen
Least: Hydrogen=Carbon
What would happen if you were to disrupt all of the H-bonds in a protein?
The proteins would lose their function because the primary and secondary structure are held together by H-bonds
What causes the DNA to twist?
Major and Minor groove
Monosaccharides are the building blocks for polysaccharides... what kind of bonds link these?
glycosidic bonds
What are the 5 fundamental characteristics all organisms share?
Cells
Replication
Evolution
Information
Energy
Compare and contrast Covalent bonds and Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds are based on e- sharing, can be polar or non-polar, are very strong
Ionic bonds are based on electron attraction and aren't very strong
Proteins are a crucial part of life... List all of their functions
(Hint: there are 7)
1. antibodies for defense
2. contractile proteins for movements
3. enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions
4. structural proteins for support
5. hormones to act as signals
6. receptor to receive signals
7. transport proteins to move substances in the membrane
Why do they think RNA was the first self-replicating molecule?
Because it can act as an enzyme while also carrying genetic information...RIBOZYME
List the functions of carbohydrates
(Hint: there are 3)
1. structural
2. energy storage:
3. cellular recognition: glycoproteins
What is the Chromosome theory of inheritance and how is it important for understanding genetic information?
Genetic information is stored on chromosomes.
This is important for modern day genetics because it explains genetic variation and how traits are passed down in generations.
List all the awesome properties of water
(hint: there are 7)
1. solvent (most important chemical reactions for life take place in aqueous solutions)
2. high cohesion (creates surface tension: important for water transport in plants)
3. high adhesion (also important for water transport in plants)
4. high surface tension(also important for water transport in plants: and small organisms can walk on water)
5. denser as a liquid than a solid (if ice were to sink to the bottom, it would stay frozen down there and earths oceans would have frozen solid before life even began)
6. high specific heat (moderates coastal climates, oceans absorb heat slowly)
7. high heat of vaporization (evaporation of water from an organism cools the body)
List the four levels of structure that a protein can have and give a one sentence explanation
Primary: linear amino acid chain
Secondary: H-bonds connect linear amino acid chain to form either a alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
Tertiary: disulfide bonds connect a bunch of alpha helix or beta pleated sheet's together
Quarternary: combine a bunch of Tertiary structures together using disulfide bonds
Compare and Contrast DNA and RNA
DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids, but DNA is double-stranded and hold genetic information, while RNA is single-stranded and helps in protein synthesis. DNA uses deoxyribose as its sugar, while RNA uses ribose, and DNA contains the base thymine (T), and RNA uses uracil (U) in place of thymine. DNA is more stable. RNA has an OH in the 2' position while DNA has only an H
List the 3 ways simple sugars differ...
1. location of C=O
2. Length of carbon chain
3. arrangement of OH