Major Plantae groups
a vascular system performs what
efficiently transfers water, food, and other nutrients throughout the plant
define Biological species concept, morphospecies concept, and phylogenetic species concept
Morphospecies- differences in structure, shape, size, etc. (look different are different)
Phylogenetic- species are determined by populations having similar/dissimilar traits + reconstruction of the evolutionary history of a population using phylogenetic tree
what is needed to form new species ?
genetic isolation and divergence. populations become separated and over time become genetically diverged.
what were the conditions leading to plantae evolution
scarcity of sunlight and CO2
green algae is an example of what plant phylum
Chlorophyta- non vascular plants without cuticle
what are the 5 types of prezygotic isolation
temporal (breeding at different times), habitat, behavior (courtship displays), gametic barrier (eggs and sperm are incompatible, mechanical (genitalia incompatible)
what are the two ways allopatric speciation may occur?
vicariance, dispersal
describe the function of the cuticle within plant
waxy layer that prevents dehydration, promotes protection of the plant, and minimizes gas exchange
list the differences between monocots and dicots ?
monocot- one leaf germination, scattered vascular bundles, and parallel leaf veins
dicots- 2 leaves at germination, circular arrangement of vascular bundles, branching leaf veins and petals in multiples of 4 and 5
How can you determine which species are most closely related on a phylogenetic tree?
more closely related species share a common ancestor this can be identified by looking at branching (smaller branches indicate closely related) and nodes (indicate common ancestor)
what can happen if two newly formed species come back into contact with each other?
reinforcement of species- populations that can interbreed would produce offspring that have lowered fitness (eg. sterility) and natural selection would enforce the separation of the species
hybrid zones- 2 populations interact and create hybrids
new species through hybridization- new species may come from hybrids if by chance the unique selection of alleles/traits are selected
What is cellulose's role in plantae?
protection and structural support
the sporophyte is the dominant life cycle of which phylum(s)
pteridophyta, coniferophyta, anthophyta
two species attempt to breed. They are able to mate. Unfortunately their offspring dies before being born. What is this an example of?
postzygotic isolation, hybrid viability
Two bird populations live in the same forest community. The blue winged warbler prefers higher tree tops to create nests while the gold winged warbler preferred being closer to food to create their nests. What is this an example of?
sympatric speciation. These populations could potentially interbreed but due to their different habitat desires they are considered different species.
What adaptations did algae develop to compete for sunlight and CO2?
elongated cells -reach higher in the water
increased contractile fibers-help distribute nutrients like CO2
what is an example of a plant where nutrients are transported mainly by diffusion?
When a horse (64 chromosomes) and donkey (62 chromosomes) mate they create a mule (63 chromosomes). Mules are typically infertile and unable to reproduce with . What is this an example of in the context of the donkey/horse relationship and then in the context of the mule/mule relationship?
mule/mule- prezygotic, gametic barrier. Chromosomes can not match up equally to produce an offspring.
donkey/horse- postzygotic, hybrid sterility
A population of fish live in the nature preserve. Some fish in the population prefer eating the algae on rocks. Other fish in the population prefer eating smaller insects on the waters surface. Over time these groups of fish become considered two distinct species. What is this an example of?
What were the challenges of life on land and how were they regulated/fixed?
dehydration (cuticle and stoma development)
not enough support (cellulose, silicon, calcium used to strengthen)
transportation of water and nutrients (elongated cells and vascular systems)
sexual reproduction (sperm cant swim through air),
exposure to UV radiation (pigments evolved to absorb blue wavelengths)