Enlightenment Thinkers
John Locke’s idea that all humans are born with these which included life, liberty, and property
What are natural rights?
Dictator with absolute power
What is an enlightened despot or absolute monarch?
The three groups that French society was divided into
What are the Three Estates?
Event that is considered the start of the French Revolution
What is the storming of the Bastille?
Freed slave who led a successful revolution in Haiti
Who is Toussaint L’Ouverture?
Enlightenment thinker who argued that all men and women had equal rights
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
Unsuccessfully attempted to end torture and serfdom
Who is Catherine the Great?
Largest and poorest segment of the population that paid most of the taxes
What is the Third Estate?
Political faction that led the Legislative Assembly
What are the Jacobins?
Led the fight for independence in South America; the “Liberator”
Who is Simon Bolivar?
This process encouraged Enlightenment ideas to spread as people moved to cities and socialized more
What is urbanization?
Described himself as “only the first servant of the state”
Who is Frederick the Great?
Bad harvests, widespread hunger, and raised taxes
What are the preconditions or causes of the French Revolution?
Period in which special courts ordered the execution of thousands of “enemies of the republic”
What is the Reign of Terror?
Otto von Bismarck’s policy for uniting the German states through war
What is “Blood and Iron”?
The separation of powers and 3 branches of government were this Enlightenment thinkers idea
Who is Baron de Montesquieu?
Made more sweeping reforms than the other enlightened monarchs
Who is Joseph II?
Political body that included representatives from all three estates
What is the Estates General?
Jacobin leader of Paris delegation to the National Convention; leader of the Reign of Terror
Who is Maximilien Robespierre?
The “Soul,” the “Brain,” and the “Sword” of Italian unification
Who are Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi?
This thinker believed that people are naturally good but society corrupts them
Who is Jean Jacques Rousseau?
Conquered surrounding territories to unite Prussian lands
Who is Frederick the Great?
The new political body formed by the Third Estate when it withdrew from the Estates General
What is the National Assembly?
Overthrew the corrupt 5-member Directory and turned France back into an empire
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte?
Realistic politics based on the needs of the state or country
What is Realpolitik?