People
What is Rosalind Franklin known for?
Isolated DNA from cells to generate x-ray crystallography data that Watson and Crick used
Describe the relationship between the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution
Scientific Rev. 16-17th centuries, departure from renaissance and antiquity, inductive reasoning, scientific method
Enlightenment 18th century, knowledge is cumulative, hypotheses non fingo
Compare the pros and cons of innovation vs maintenance
Innovation: brings opportunities, new economic sectors, easier than reform BUT disruptive and unstable
Maintenance: foundational infrastructure BUT stagnating
Describe industrial factory working conditions
Mill clock- workers paid by cycle
unsafe working conditions
child and low-skill labor
paid basically nothing
Recount the life story of Charles Darwin
wealthy family, no need to work, HMS Beagle, Galapagos, Theory of Evolution, pigeons, Galton
Romantic: inspiration from nature, metaphors, mysterious forces, concept of genius
Utilitarian: Fordist and eugenic optimization
Describe and compare two industrial strategies of the 20th century
Taylorism: scientific optimization of workers’ actions
Fordism: skill built entirely into machine
What was Malthus' theory?
World has limited resources
We consume to survive
As population increases, so does scarcity
Scarcity leads to fierce competition and catastrophe
Describe Kary Mullis' contribution to science
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – DNA replication/amplification
Makes possible cheap DNA work (CSI, Ancestry, paternity tests) and Human Genome Project
Describe the connection between nature and culture in Mesopotamia and the Scientific Revolution
Mesopotamia- interconnected, interdependent
Scientific Revolution- separated the two
Why did technicians switch from U-235 to Pu-239?
Uranium 235 was difficult to separate from 328. 238 can absorb a neuron to become Plutonium. (easier to produce)
Describe the medical system in 20th century Black, South Carolinian rural communities
Midwives as pillars, Black Self-Help ideology
"The Midwife Problem" and institutional racism
The Penn School (African American citizenship school), Nurse King
How did Einstein challenge hierarchy and scientific paradigms?
Marginal, barred from scientific community- papers are grounded in thought experiments and logic rather than physical experiments and real observations
Challenges ether and the prestige attached
Challenges Newton's gravitational model by incorporating speed of light and quanta
Describe the connection between industrialism and war technologies. Provide specific examples.
Atomic bomb: mining and extracting uranium ore, isolating U235, cyclotrons for plutonium, computation of shaped charges
Ford and mass production: cheap war materials, boosts economy
What is the difference between me and the Abzû?
Me: Underlying cosmic force, determines identifying characteristics and impact on the world.
Abzû: Cosmic and material source of creation, water and clay
Describe the German University system and its connection to capitalism
Emphasis on instructors’ capacity to publish over individual student education
Liberal admissions, underclassmen are weeded out, upperclassmen contribute to research
inexpensive
Detail Marie Curie's contribution to science and technology
Identified properties of radioactive elements (uranium, radium, etc), led to radiation being understood as an energy source, used in Manhattan Project
1st woman to win Nobel Prize
Describe the influences behind the Theory of Evolution and its connections to religion and capitalism
Geology, fossils, the earth's age, gradualism vs catastrophism
Deism
Malthus- resources, protestant work ethic
Describe how light was connected to observation from antiquity to the 20th century- at least 5 examples
The light of Šamaš
Aristotle, Alhazen, and Newton's optics
light travels through ether- understand underlying phenomena
photons hit atomic particles- replaces ether
Describe the modern structure of the atom and an example of its use in applied science
nucleus with protons and neutrons, orbiting electron
valence and chemical bonds
the atomic bomb