Water & Water Potential
What property of water molecules allows them to stick to each other via hydrogen bonding?
Cohesion
What are the three components that make up a single nucleotide monomer in DNA or RNA?
A phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), and a nitrogenous base.
What process converts an mRNA sequence into an amino acid sequence at the ribosome?
Translation
An individual with genotype IA IB displays which type of inheritance pattern where both alleles are fully expressed?
Codominance
Which phase of mitosis involves chromosomes lining up along the equator (middle) of the cell?
Metaphase
In which direction does water move during osmosis regarding water potential?
From an area of higher (less negative) water potential to an area of lower (more negative) water potential.
Which class of macromolecules includes enzymes, antibodies, and structural fibers, all made of amino acid subunits?
Proteins
Why is DNA replication described as "semi-conservative"?
Because each new DNA molecule consists of one original (parental) strand and one newly synthesized strand.
What diagnostic tool displays a visual arrangement of an individual's chromosomes ordered by size and shape to detect chromosomal abnormalities?
A karyotype (or karyogram)
What family of regulatory proteins controls a cell's progression through different stages of the cell cycle by binding to specific enzymes?
Cyclins
Which thermal property of water requires a large amount of energy to break hydrogen bonds, preventing rapid temperature fluctuations in organisms?
High specific heat capacity
What type of reaction links monomers together by removing a molecule of water to form polymers?
Condensation reaction (or dehydration synthesis).
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double helix and breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases during replication?
Helicase
If two heterozygous parents (Aa) are crossed, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring under complete dominance?
3:1 (dominant to recessive).
How does meiosis II differ fundamentally from mitosis in terms of genetic outcome?
Meiosis II separates sister chromatids in haploid cells, whereas mitosis separates sister chromatids in diploid cells.
What occurs to a plant cell placed in a solution with a significantly lower water potential than its cytoplasm?
Plasmolysis (or the cell becomes flaccid/loses turgor pressure).
What structural difference in nitrogenous bases distinguishes purines (adenine, guanine) from pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil)?
Purines have a double-ring structure, whereas pyrimidines have a single-ring structure.
What sequence of three bases on a tRNA molecule binds to a complementary codon on an mRNA strand?
An anticodon
Which genotype leads to the O blood group phenotype in the ABO system?
Homozygous recessive (ii)
What types of mutated genes normally code for proteins that stimulate cell division, but cause uncontrolled cell growth when overexpressed?
Oncogenes
Pure water at standard temperature and pressure is assigned what specific value for its water potential?
Zero (0 MPa).
Which bond type connects individual nucleotides along a single strand of nucleic acid between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next?
Phosphodiester bond / covalent bond
In what direction does DNA Polymerase synthesize the new strand, creating Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand?
From 5' to 3'
What error during meiosis results in an abnormal number of chromosomes, such as Trisomy 21, visible on a karyotype?
Nondisjunction
What enzymatic complexes are activated when cyclins bind to them, signaling the cell to advance past cell cycle checkpoints?
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs).