The Punic Wars
This island was the center of the First Punic War.
What is Sicily?
This general marched his men across the Alps with elephants.
Who is Hannibal?
Caesar formed the First Triumvirate with these two men.
Who are Pompey and Crassus?
This man’s funeral speech turned the people against the conspirators.
Who is Mark Antony?
The Second Triumvirate included Antony, Octavian, and this man.
Who is Lepidus?
Rome’s invention of this device allowed them to turn sea battles into land battles.
What is the corvus?
This Roman general/senate member reformed the army so soldiers became more loyal to generals than the state.
Who is Marius?
In 44 BCE, Caesar was given this title before his assassination.
What is dictator for life?
Antony won support from the _____ by seizing Caesar’s ______
Veterans, Will
What powers were given to the Second Triumvirate for five years?
Make laws, command armies, judge cases.
Hannibal defeated Rome in three battles in Italy. Name the main one from class.
What is Cannae?
Caesar’s conquest of this region won him fame and loyalty of his legions.
What is Gaul?
Name two reforms Caesar made while dictator.
Calendar reform, expanded citizenship, land for veterans, debt relief.
At only 18 years old, this man shocked Rome by stepping forward as Caesar’s heir.
Who is Octavian?
Why did the Senate side with Octavian against Antony at first?
They wanted to weaken Antony by using Octavian as a counterbalance.
The Second Punic War ended at this battle in North Africa, led by this Roman general.
What is Zama / Who is Scipio Africanus?
Why was military loyalty shifting to generals dangerous for the Republic?
It made the Senate powerless—armies followed individuals instead of laws
Why did senators like Brutus and Cassius claim they killed Caesar?
To defend liberty and stop one-man rule.
Contrast Antony’s and Brutus’ approaches after Caesar’s death.
Brutus restrained → appeals to liberty;
Antony bold → seizes will, gives fiery speech.
Why did Octavian and Antony eventually join forces despite rivalry?
To crush Brutus and Cassius/conspirators, consolidate power.
After the Third Punic War, explain two ways Rome’s victory over Carthage changed the Republic socially or economically.
Wealth and slaves flooded in, small farmers lost land, growing inequality, rise of ambitious generals.
Compare Hannibal’s and Scipio Africanus’ strategies. How did geography influence both?
Hannibal used Alps/Italy for surprise; Scipio struck Spain & Africa to cut off Hannibal’s supply and force battle on his terms.
Why was Caesar both admired and feared by the Roman people?
Admired for victories, generosity, and reforms; feared for ambition and threatening the Republic’s traditions.
Why was Octavian underestimated, and how did he prove himself politically?
Seen as too young/inexperienced, but raised troops, defeated Antony briefly, marched on Rome, forced consulship, became indispensable.
What does the Second Triumvirate show about the state of the Republic?
That Republican traditions were dead—Rome now ruled by military strongmen.