Neurons & neuroglia
These gaps between myelin sheaths allow for the rapid jumping of action potentials
What are Nodes of Ranvier?
These membrane changes can add together through spatial and temporal summation. When they reach threshold, they trigger an AP
What are graded potentials?
This is the voltage that must be reached to open voltage-gated sodium channels and begin an action potential
What is the threshold potential (–55 mV)?
This lobe is responsible for high-level cognitive functions like planning and problem-solving, and influences personality and behavior
What is the frontal lobe?
This motor nerve controls the lateral rectus muscle, which abducts the eye.
What is the Abducens nerve (Cranial Nerve VI)?
These cells form myelin in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system, respectively.
What are oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?
This law states that an action potential either occurs fully or not at all, with no partial responses
What is the all-or-none law?
After reaching about +30 mV, these channels close and others open
What are Na+ channels closing and K⁺ channels opening?
This brain region is crucial for language comprehension
What is Wernicke’s area?
This sensory nerve carries information for both hearing and balance from the inner ear.
What is the Vestibulocochlear nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII)?
This glial cell is the resident macrophage behind the blood-brain barrier
What is microglia?
These three factors create a neuron’s resting membrane potential
What are the sodium-potassium pump, ion permeability differences, and fixed intracellular anions?
Sometimes the intracellular membrane potential temporarily becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential due to continued potassium efflux; this phase is called…
What is hyperpolarization?
This brain region coordinates voluntary movements, maintains balance, and regulates posture
What is the cerebellum?
This motor nerve moves the superior oblique muscle of the eye, helping you look down and to the side.
What is the Trochlear nerve (Cranial Nerve IV)?
The thalamic neuron synapses with a neuron in this brain region, where sensory information is processed and integrated before perception occurs.
What is the cerebral cortex?
This type of summation occurs when involves the addition of single stimuli from one neuron over time
What is temporal summation?
During this phase of an action potential, some Na⁺ channels are resting and ready to go. The membrane is hyperpolarized, meaning only a stronger-than-usual stimulus can bring the neuron to threshold and fire again
What is the relative refractory period?
This brain region control vital involuntary bodily functions such as heart rhythm, breathing, and blood pressure
What is the medulla oblongata/pons?
This mixed nerve provides facial sensation and powers the muscles of mastication
What is the Trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V)?
In the CNS, axons run in bundles called (), and cell bodies cluster in structures called (). In the PNS, axons run in bundles called (), and cell bodies cluster in structures called ().
What are nerves and ganglia? What are tracts and nuclei?
Normally, presynaptic neurons remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft and recycle them using this process
What is reuptake?
A patient is given a lidocaine before a dental procedure. The drug prevents Na⁺ channels from opening. Because of this, the neuron cannot enter this phase of the action potential.
What is depolarization?
In the spinal cord, sensory/afferent information enters through () while motor/efferent signals exit through ()
What are dorsal and ventral roots?
This mixed nerve helps with taste and muscles of the oral cavitiy, as well as parasympathetic control of salivary glands.
What is the Glossopharyngeal nerve (Cranial Nerve IX)?