Cervical
This sagittal plane movement reduces the IVF volume potentially causing nerve root compression.
What is extension?
These are the 4 main passive stabilizers of the Glenohumeral joint.
What is the Glenoid Labrum, Coracohumeral Ligament, Glenohumeral Ligaments, and Posterior Capsule.
(bonus if you can tell me the 3 glenohumeral ligaments)
Ossification sites on the ______ side of the elbow close much later than the other side.
What is medial
This carpal bone is referred to as the "keystone"
What is Capitate?
This is a measure that indicates how well a muscles architecture is designed for producing force.
Likewise, muscles with this fiber orientation are better designed for higher velocities.
What is PCSA?
What is parallel or longitudinal?
This cervical ligament has the longest toe region on the passive force length graph
What is the Ligamentum Nuchae?
In the horizontal plane the clavicle rolls and slides in this direction with retraction?
In the Frontal plane, the clavicle moves this way with elevation?
What is, rolls posterior and slides posterior? (why?)
What is, rolls superior and slides inferior? (why?)
Which structure provides most of the active stability at the distal radio-ulnar joint?
The ulnar collateral ligament, palmer ulnocarpal ligament, and articular disc make up this complex.
What is the Triangular Fibro-Cartilage Complex (TFCC)?
Atrophy of this muscle type happens the most dramatically when compared to other muscle types.
What is a slow, shortened, single joint muscle?
(when compared to fast, lengthened, multi joint muscles)
The chin tuck exercise stretches these muscles.
What are the SCM, Scalense, and Suboccipitals?
In the sub-acromial space, these three things are limiting the volume. (especially if inflammed/swollen!)
Which is why this kinematic motion is needed to get the greater tubercle under the acromion in abduction.
What is the Sub-acromial bursa, Supraspinatus tendon, and LHB tendon?
What is ER?
The interosseous membrane holds the radius and the ulna together and transmits force between the two bones. Which type of force does it transmit the best?
What is compressive force?
Bonus: What percent of force does the distal radius absorb?
What happens to the force x length curve for flexor digitorum profundus with a bowstring injury?
Muscle in a shortened position, cant produce as much force.
This is the percent HRmax that the anaerobic threshold occurs at.
If you are above anaerobic threshold, you are likely to be primarily using this energy system.
What is 80-90%?
What is fast glycolysis?
The nucleus pulposus contains this component to draw in water.
These two kinematic motions do better with herniated discs and spinal stenosis respectively.
What are proteoglycans?
What is extension and flexion? (and why?)
These are the arthokinematics for flexion, abduction, and ER (arm at side).
In flexion of greater than 90 degrees, anterior translation and IR may occur due to tension in these two passive stabilizers of the GHJ.
Flexion: mostly posterior spin
Abduction: superior roll, inferior slide
ER (arm at side): Posterior roll, anterior slide
What are the coracohumeral ligament and posterior capsule?
A football quarterback is throwing a pass in a game but right as his arm starts coming forward to release the ball, a defensive lineman hits his wrist and stops it. The quarterback is forced out of the game with an injury. What elbow ligaments were torn?
What is the MCL?
A lesion in the ulnar nerve weakens the flexors of which MCPs? The weakening of the flexors lead to what movement of the MCPs and is called this deformity?
Weakens the flexors of 4-5 more than 2-3. causes hyper extension of MCP 4-5 and is called claw hand.
These are the steps of the Excitation Contraction Coupling process.
1. Neurotransmitter released from axon terminal and diffuses across synaptic cleft.
2. Action potential generated and travels along sarcolemma and down T-tubules
3. Action potential triggers calcium release from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.
4. Calcium binds to troponin, changing shape or troponin to remove blocking action of tropomyosin which exposes actin binding sites.
5. Myosin heads bind to actin binding site and pull, causing muscle contraction as long as calcium is present.
(bonus if you can tell me what detaches myosin from actin binding site!)
This kinematic motion creates gapping on the ipsilateral facets without much influence on IVF volume.
In the above motion, these facets slide posterior and slightly inferior.
What is rotation?
What are the ipsilateral inferior facets?
It is the combination of these two kinematic motions that place the greatest risk for anterior shoulder dislocation.
That combination puts stress on these passive stabilizers of the GHJ and is stabilized by this muscle group.
What is horizontal abduction and ER?
What are the SCL, MCL, and ICL (anterior band), and what are the Humeral IRs?
What stabilizes the elbow joint during distractive forces? (we need all of them)
•Annular ligament
•Quadrate ligament
•Oblique Cord
•RCL
•Muscles (which ones?)
A concentric contraction of the Abductor Pollicis Longus muscle would cause what arthrokinematic motions at the carpometacarpal joint of digit 1?
What is: Roll anterior + Slide posterior OR Roll + Slide opposite
Convex on Concave
Draw the total force-length, active force-length, passive force-length, and the force-velocity graphs.
Bonus if you can explain each of them!